Joanne Weinberg

Affiliate Investigator, BC Children's Hospital
Professor and Distinguished University Scholar, Emerita, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia
Full Member, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can have adverse consequences for the fetus, resulting in physical, neurobiological, cognitive, adaptive, health, and behavioral alterations that can persist into adulthood. The umbrella term fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) describes the full range of adverse effects. Recent studies suggest that prevalence of FASD may be as high as 1%-5%, higher than that of other neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and Down Syndrome. FASD is thus an international public health, education, economic, and social issue. The consequences of PAE vary depending not only on the amount, timing, and pattern of exposure, but also on environmental, genetic, epigenetic, and other factors that influence development.

Our research focuses on the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, stress, and neuroendocrine-neuroimmune regulation, with a specific focus on mechanisms underlying prenatal alcohol effects on fetal programming of neurobiological systems. Our studies have demonstrated that alcohol, in addition to its teratogenic effects, is an early life insult that programs developing systems and markedly increases risk for diseases/disorders throughout life, the “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) concept. We have developed rodent models to examine brain-behavior relationships from prenatal life through adulthood, utilizing a broad multidisciplinary approach to tackle problems from the molecular to the behavioral level. We have also collaborated actively with clinical researchers to extend our expertise on stress, programming and development to human populations.

Our animal model studies have shown that PAE results in hyperresponsiveness to stressors, and marked changes in central regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) or stress axis activity under both basal and stress conditions. Utilizing an animal model of adjuvant-induced arthritis, data have demonstrated marked alcohol-exposed offspring exhibit more severe and more prolonged responses to immune challenge, reflecting alterations in neuroimmune function. For the past 10 years, we have been part of the NIH/NIAAA Collaborative Initiative on FASD, providing the opportunity to translate research on animal models of PAE to cohorts of pregnant women and their children. This research is the first to identify a link between maternal alcohol consumption, inflammation, and child outcomes: Unique immune signatures in pregnant women were identified in association with whether or not they consumed alcohol and with the neurodevelopmental outcomes (typically developing/developmentally delayed) of their children. Similarly, immune profiles of the children were shown to reflect both alcohol exposure and neurodevelopmental status. This research is currently testing a “multiple hit” hypothesis that PAE results in a vulnerable organism that may be further impacted by social adversity and lack of resources/coping skills, resulting in immune and endocrine dysregulation that in turn, may be key drivers of early-onset health and neurobehavioral problems over the life course. Our research has been funded over the years by the BC Health Research Foundation, MRC/CIHR, Coast Capital Savings Depression Research Fund, the Canadian Foundation on Fetal Alcohol Research, and since 1988, by NIH/ NIAAA. From 2009-2020, I held a MERIT Award.

Academic Affiliations

  • Professor Emeritus/a, , Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia
  • Research Theme: Healthy Starts
  • Research Group(s): Mental Health and Behaviour; Neurodevelopmental and Neurological Disorders

Contact Information

Location

Department of Cellular & Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z3

Independent and Combined Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Prenatal Stress on Fetal HPA Axis Development

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Ludmila N. Bakhireva and Elizabeth Solomon and Melissa Roberts and Xingya Ma and Rajani Rai and Alexandria Wiesel and Sandra Jacobson and Joanne Weinberg and Erin D. Milligan

DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052690

02 / 2024

Impact of low-level prenatal alcohol exposure and maternal stress on autonomic regulation

Pediatric Research

Jessie Maxwell and Jared DiDomenico and Melissa H. Roberts and Lidia Enriquez Marquez and Rajani Rai and Joanne Weinberg and Sandra W. Jacobson and Julia Stephen and Ludmila N. Bakhireva

DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02799-5

01 / 2024

Prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant exposure, SLC6A4 genetic variations, and cortisol activity in 6-year-old children of depressed mothers: A cohort study

Developmental Psychobiology

Enav Z. Zusman and Cecil M. Y. Chau and Jeffrey N. Bone and Kaia Hookenson and Ursula Brain and Melissa B. Glier and Ruth E. Grunau and Joanne Weinberg and Angela M. Devlin and Tim F. Oberlander

DOI: 10.1002/dev.22425

11 / 2023

Cortisol levels are related to neonatal pain exposure in children born very preterm at age 18months in two independent cohorts

Paediatric and Neonatal Pain

Mia McLean and Lisa Nakajima and Cecil M. Y. Chau and Joanne Weinberg and Anne R. Synnes and Steven P. Miller and Ruth Grunau

DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12112

09 / 2023

Who benefits most from a prenatal HEPA filter air cleaner intervention on childhood cognitive development? The UGAAR randomized controlled trial

Environmental Research

Battsetseg Ulziikhuu and Enkhjargal Gombojav and Chimeglkham Banzrai and Sarangerel Batsukh and Enkhtuul Enkhtuya and Buyantushig Boldbaatar and David C. Bellinger and Bruce P. Lanphear and Lawrence C. McCandless and Pablo Nepomnaschy and Katrina Salvante and Joanne Weinberg and Ryan W. Allen

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115991

08 / 2023

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder: linking immune function to mental health status

Frontiers in Neuroscience

Tamara S. Bodnar and Amanda Chao and Parker J. Holman and Linda Ellis and Charlis Raineki and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214100

07 / 2023

Choline Supplementation Alters Hippocampal Cytokine Levels in Adolescence and Adulthood in an Animal Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Cells

Jessica A. Baker and Tamara Bodnar and Kristen Breit and Joanne Weinberg and Jennifer D. Thomas

DOI: 10.3390/cells12040546

02 / 2023

Choline Supplementation Modifies the Effects of Developmental Alcohol Exposure on Immune Responses in Adult Rats

Nutrients

Jessica A. Baker and Kristen Breit and Tamara Bodnar and Joanne Weinberg and Jennifer D. Thomas

DOI: 10.3390/nu14142868

07 / 2022

Lack of Evidence for a Relationship Between Salivary CRP and Womens Sexual Desire: An Investigation Across Clinical and Healthy Samples

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

Kirstin Clephane and Julia I. OLoughlin and Tamara S. Bodnar and M. Claire Wilson and Jordan TB Stariha and Amber N. Craig and Joanne Weinberg and Lori A. Brotto and Tierney K. Lorenz

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.02.007

05 / 2022

Evidence for long-lasting alterations in the fecal microbiota following prenatal alcohol exposure

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Tamara Bodnar and Christopher Lee and Athena Wong and Ilan Rubin and Laura WegenerParfrey and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1111/acer.14784

04 / 2022

Lower Maternal Chronic Physiological Stress and Better Child Behavior at 18Months: Follow-Up of a Cluster Randomized Trial of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Family Integrated Care

The Journal of Pediatrics

Mia A. Mclean and Olivia C. Scoten and Wayne Yu and Xiang Y. Ye and Julie Petrie and Paige T. Church and Amuchou S. Soraisham and Lucia S. Mirea and Joanne Weinberg and Anne R. Synnes and Karel O'Brien and Ruth E. Grunau

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.055

04 / 2022

Modulatory role of prenatal alcohol exposure and adolescent stress on the response to arthritis challenge in adult female rats

eBioMedicine

Tamara S. Bodnar and David Y. Mak and Lesley A. Hill and Linda Ellis and Wayne Yu and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103876

03 / 2022

Intersection of Epigenetic and Immune Alterations: Implications for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder and Mental Health

Frontiers in Neuroscience

Alexandre A. Lussier and Tamara S. Bodnar and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.788630

12 / 2021

Prenatal Adversity Alters the Epigenetic Profile of the Prefrontal Cortex: Sexually Dimorphic Effects of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Food-Related Stress

Genes

Alexandre A. Lussier and Tamara Bodnar and Michelle Moksa and Martin Hirst and Michael S. Kobor and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.3390/genes12111773

11 / 2021

A randomized trial comparing group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with group supportive sex education and therapy for the treatment of female sexual interest/arousal disorder.

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Lori A. Brotto and Bozena Zdaniuk and Meredith L. Chivers and Faith Jabs and Andrea Grabovac and Martin L. Lalumire and Joanne Weinberg and Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl and Rosemary Basson

DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000661

07 / 2021

Sensory processing and cortisol at age 4 years: Procedural pain-related stress in children born very preterm

Developmental Psychobiology

Mia A. McLean and Nikoo Niknafs and Olivia C. Scoten and Cecil M. Y. Chau and Margot MacKay and Joanne Weinberg and Anne Synnes and Steven P. Miller and Ruth E. Grunau

DOI: 10.1002/dev.22079

07 / 2021

Dehydroepiandrosterone and cortisol as markers of HPA axis dysregulation in women with low sexual desire

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Rosemary Basson and Julia I. OLoughlin and Joanne Weinberg and Allan H. Young and Tamara Bodnar and Lori A. Brotto

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.001

06 / 2019

Role of corticosterone in anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and HPA regulation following prenatal alcohol exposure

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

Vivian Y.Y. Lam and Charlis Raineki and Lisa Y. Wang and Melissa Chiu and Grace Lee and Linda Ellis and Wayne Yu and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.10.008

03 / 2019

Interactive effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and chronic stress in adulthood on anxiety-like behavior and central stress-related receptor mRNA expression: Sex- and time-dependent effects

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Vivian Y.Y. Lam and Charlis Raineki and Linda Ellis and Wayne Yu and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.06.018

11 / 2018

Prenatal alcohol exposure disrupts male adolescent social behavior and oxytocin receptor binding in rodents

Hormones and Behavior

Parker J. Holman and Linda Ellis and Erin Morgan and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.08.004

09 / 2018

Dysregulation of the Cortisol Diurnal Rhythm following Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Early Life Adversity

Alcohol

Kaitlyn McLachlan and Carmen Rasmussen and Tim F. Oberlander and Christine Loock and Jacqueline Pei and Gail Andrew and James Reynolds and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2016.03.003

04 / 2016

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Alters Steady-State and Activated Gene Expression in the Adult Rat Brain

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Lussier, A.A. and Stepien, K.A. and Neumann, S.M. and Pavlidis, P. and Kobor, M.S. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/acer.12622

Cortisol levels in former preterm children at school age are predicted by neonatal procedural pain-related stress

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Brummelte, S. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Cepeda, I.L. and Degenhardt, A. and Weinberg, J. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.018

Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Results in Long-Term Serotonin Neuron Deficits in Female Rats: Modulatory Role of Ovarian Steroids

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Sliwowska, J.H. and Song, H.J. and Bodnar, T. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/acer.12224

Prenatal alcohol exposure and adolescent stress increase sensitivity to stress and gonadal hormone influences on cognition in adult female rats

Physiology and Behavior

Comeau, W.L. and Lee, K. and Anderson, K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.033

Prenatal alcohol exposure alters response of kisspeptin-ir neurons to estradiol and progesterone in adult female rats

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Sliwowska, J.H. and Bodnar, T.S. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/acer.12561

Neurocircuitry underlying stress and emotional regulation in animals prenatally exposed to alcohol and subjected to chronic mild stress in adulthood

Frontiers in Endocrinology

Raineki, C. and Hellemans, K.G.C. and Bodnar, T. and Lavigne, K.M. and Ellis, L. and Woodward, T.S. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00005

Neonatal handling: An overview of the positive and negative effects

Developmental Psychobiology

Raineki, C. and Lucion, A.B. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1002/dev.21241

Prenatal alcohol exposure and adolescent stress - unmasking persistent attentional deficits in rats

European Journal of Neuroscience

Comeau, W.L. and Winstanley, C.A. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12671

Reactivity to Stress and the Cognitive Components of Math Disability in Grade 1 Children

Journal of Learning Disabilities

MacKinnon McQuarrie, M.A. and Siegel, L.S. and Perry, N.E. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1177/0022219412463436

Amphetamine sensitization and cross-sensitization with acute restraint stress: impact of prenatal alcohol exposure in male and female rats

Psychopharmacology

Uban, K.A. and Comeau, W.L. and Bodnar, T. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J. and Galea, L.A.M.

DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3804-y

Neonatal Pain-Related Stress and NFKBIA Genotype Are Associated with Altered Cortisol Levels in Preterm Boys at School Age

PLoS ONE

Grunau, R.E. and Cepeda, I.L. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Brummelte, S. and Weinberg, J. and Lavoie, P.M. and Ladd, M. and Hirschfeld, A.F. and Russell, E. and Koren, G. and Van Uum, S. and Brant, R. and Turvey, S.E.

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073926

Basal regulation of HPA and dopamine systems is altered differentially in males and females by prenatal alcohol exposure and chronic variable stress

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Uban, K.A. and Comeau, W.L. and Ellis, L.A. and Galea, L.A.M. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.02.017

Prenatal ethanol exposure delays the onset of spermatogenesis in the rat

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Lan, N. and Vogl, A.W. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/acer.12079

Hair cortisol reflects socio-economic factors and hair zinc in preschoolers

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Vaghri, Z. and Guhn, M. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Yu, W. and Hertzman, C.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.009

Prenatal and postnatal inflammation in relation to cortisol levels in preterm infants at 18 months corrected age

Journal of Perinatology

Gover, A. and Chau, V. and Miller, S.P. and Brant, R. and Mcfadden, D.E. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.

DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.24

Prenatal alcohol exposure alters the course and severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis in female rats

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

Zhang, X. and Lan, N. and Bach, P. and Nordstokke, D. and Yu, W. and Ellis, L. and Meadows, G.G. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.005

Single course of antenatal steroids did not alter cortisol in preterm infants up to 18 months

Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics

Gover, A. and Brummelte, S. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Brant, R. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02629.x

Neurobiology of chronic mild stress: Parallels to major depression

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Hill, M.N. and Hellemans, K.G.C. and Verma, P. and Gorzalka, B.B. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.001

Frontal EEG/ERP correlates of attentional processes, cortisol and motivational states in adolescents from lower and higher socioeconomic status

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

D'Angiulli, A. and van Roon, P. and Weinberg, J. and Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Hertzman, C. and Maggi, S.

DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00306

Focus on: Epigenetics and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

Alcohol Research and Health

Kobor, M.S. and Weinberg, J.

Glucocorticoid receptors in the prefrontal cortex regulate stress-evoked dopamine efflux and aspects of executive function

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Butts, K.A. and Weinberg, J. and Young, A.H. and Phillips, A.G.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111746108

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: Gene-Environment Interactions, Predictive Biomarkers, and the Relationship Between Structural Alterations in the Brain and Functional Outcomes

Seminars in Pediatric Neurology

Reynolds, J.N. and Weinberg, J. and Clarren, S. and Beaulieu, C. and Rasmussen, C. and Kobor, M. and Dube, M.-P. and Goldowitz, D.

DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2011.02.006

Cortisol levels in relation to maternal interaction and child internalizing behavior in preterm and full-term children at 18 months corrected age

Developmental Psychobiology

Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Zaidman-Zait, A. and Weinberg, J. and Nordstokke, D. and Cepeda, I.L.

DOI: 10.1002/dev.20511

Physiological correlates of memory recall in infancy: Vagal tone, cortisol, and imitation in preterm and full-term infants at 6 months

Infant Behavior and Development

Haley, D.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Keidar, A. and Oberlander, T.F.

DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.007

Sleep quality, cortisol levels, and behavioral regulation in toddlers

Developmental Psychobiology

Scher, A. and Hall, W.A. and Zaidman-Zait, A. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1002/dev.20410

Prenatal alcohol exposure: Fetal programming and later life vulnerability to stress, depression and anxiety disorders

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Hellemans, K.G.C. and Sliwowska, J.H. and Verma, P. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.06.004

An investigation of the effects of maternal separation and novelty on central mechanisms mediating pituitary-adrenal activity in infant guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).

Behavioral Neuroscience

Deborah S. Maken and Joanne Weinberg and David R. Cool and Michael B. Hennessy

DOI: 10.1037/a0021465

Prenatal alcohol exposure reduces the proportion of newly produced neurons and glia in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in female rats

Hormones and Behavior

Uban, K.A. and Sliwowska, J.H. and Lieblich, S. and Ellis, L.A. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J. and Galea, L.A.M.

DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.007

Prenatal alcohol exposure and chronic mild stress differentially alter depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors in male and female offspring

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Hellemans, K.G.C. and Verma, P. and Yoon, E. and Yu, W.K. and Young, A.H. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01132.x

Prenatal alcohol exposure alters biobehavioral reactivity to pain in newborns

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Oberlander, T.F. and Jacobson, S.W. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Molteno, C.D. and Jacobson, J.L.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01137.x

From freud to a modern understanding of behavioral, physiological, and brain development

Developmental Psychobiology

Stern, J.M. and Weinberg, J. and Hennessy, M.B.

DOI: 10.1002/dev.20496

Stress-induced suppression of hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male rats is altered by prenatal ethanol exposure

Stress

Sliwowska, J.H. and Barker, J.M. and Barha, C.K. and Lan, N. and Weinberg, J. and Galea, L.A.M.

DOI: 10.3109/10253890903531582

Circadian phase and sex effects on depressive/anxiety-like behaviors and HPA axis responses to acute stress

Physiology and Behavior

Verma, P. and Hellemans, K.G.C. and Choi, F.Y. and Yu, W. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.002

Cortisol, behavior, and heart rate reactivity to immunization pain at 4 months corrected age in infants born very preterm

Clinical Journal of Pain

Grunau, R.E. and Tu, M.T. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J. and Yu, W. and Thiessen, P. and Gosse, G. and Scheifele, D.

DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e5bb00

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function across the estrous cycle

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Lan, N. and Yamashita, F. and Halpert, A.G. and Sliwowska, J.H. and Viau, V. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.00929.x

Development of alopecia areata is associated with higher central and peripheral hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal tone in the skin graft induced C3HHeJ mouse model

Journal of Investigative Dermatology

Zhang, X. and Yu, M. and Yu, W. and Weinberg, J. and Shapiro, J. and McElwee, K.J.

DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.371

Role of testosterone in mediating prenatal ethanol effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in male rats

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Lan, N. and Hellemans, K.G.C. and Ellis, L. and Viau, V. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.001

Contingency learning and reactivity in preterm and full-term infants at 3 months

Infancy

Haley, D.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1080/15250000802458682

Prenatal alcohol exposure: Foetal programming, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sex differences in outcome

Journal of Neuroendocrinology

Weinberg, J. and Sliwowska, J.H. and Lan, N. and Hellemans, K.G.C.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01669.x

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in 3-month old infants with prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure

Early Human Development

Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R. and Mayes, L. and Riggs, W. and Rurak, D. and Papsdorf, M. and Misri, S. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.06.008

Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses

Epigenetics

Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J. and Papsdorf, M. and Grunau, R. and Misri, S. and Devlin, A.M.

Prenatal alcohol exposure increases vulnerability to stress and anxiety-like disorders in adulthood

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Hellemans, K.G.C. and Verma, P. and Yoon, E. and Yu, W. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1196/annals.1418.016

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on regulation of basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity and hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor mRNA levels in female rats across the estrous cycle

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Sliwowska, J.H. and Lan, N. and Yamashita, F. and Halpert, A.G. and Viau, V. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.05.001

Maternal stress and behavior modulate relationships between neonatal stress, attention, and basal cortisol at 8 months in preterm infants

Developmental Psychobiology

Mai, T.T. and Grunau, R.E. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Haley, D.W. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F.

DOI: 10.1002/dev.20204

Altered Basal Cortisol Levels at 3, 6, 8 and 18 Months in Infants Born at Extremely Low Gestational Age

Journal of Pediatrics

Grunau, R.E. and Haley, D.W. and Whitfield, M.F. and Weinberg, J. and Yu, W. and Thiessen, P.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.10.053

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to 5-HT1A and 5-HT 2A/C agonists are differentially altered in female and male rats prenatally exposed to ethanol

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Hofmann, C.E. and Ellis, L. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00316.x

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on basal limbic-hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal regulation: Role of corticosterone

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Glavas, M.M. and Ellis, L. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2007.00460.x

Hippocampal long-term depression mediates acute stress-induced spatial memory retrieval impairment

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Tak, P.W. and Howland, J.G. and Robillard, J.M. and Ge, Y. and Yu, W. and Titterness, A.K. and Brebner, K. and Liu, L. and Weinberg, J. and Christie, B.R. and Phillips, A.G. and Yu, T.W.

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702308104

Relationships between adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol are altered during clustered nursing care in preterm infants born at extremely low gestational age

Early Human Development

Holsti, L. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.E.

DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.08.005

Cortisol, contingency learning, and memory in preterm and full-term infants

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Haley, D.W. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.06.007

Hippocampal cell proliferation is reduced following prenatal ethanol exposure but can be rescued with voluntary exercise

Hippocampus

Redila, V.A. and Olson, A.K. and Swann, S.E. and Mohades, G. and Webber, A.J. and Weinberg, J. and Christie, B.R.

DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20164

Temporal factors alter effects of social housing conditions on responses to chemotherapy and hormone levels in a Shionogi mammary tumor model

Psychosomatic Medicine

Kerr, L.R. and Andrews, H.N. and Strange, K.S. and Emerman, J.T. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1097/01.psy.0000244024.35209.d4

Prenatal Ethanol Exposure and Fetal Programming: Implications for Endocrine and Immune Development and Long-Term Health

Brain Development: Normal Processes and the Effects of Alcohol and Nicotine

Sliwowska, J.H. and Zhang, X. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183139.003.0010

Prenatal ethanol exposure alters sensitivity to the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) on behavior in the elevated plus-maze

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Gabriel, K.I. and Yu, C.L. and Osborn, J.A. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.06.003

Prenatal ethanol exposure alters the effects of gonadectomy on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in male rats

Journal of Neuroendocrinology

Lan, N. and Yamashita, F. and Halpert, A.G. and Ellis, L. and Yu, W.K. and Viau, V. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01462.x

Effects of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor blockade on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function in female rats prenatally exposed to ethanol

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Glavas, M.M. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2006.00236.x

Neonatal procedural pain exposure predicts lower cortisol and behavioral reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU

Pain

Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Haley, D.W. and Oberlander, T. and Weinberg, J. and Solimano, A. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Yu, W.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.10.020

Postnatal handling does not normalize hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor mRNA levels in animals prenatally exposed to ethanol

Developmental Brain Research

Gabriel, K.I. and Glavas, M.M. and Ellis, L. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.03.005

Body movements: An important additional factor in discriminating pain from stress in preterm infants

Clinical Journal of Pain

Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000146163.30776.44

Prenatal ethanol exposure: Sex differences in anxiety and anxiolytic response to a 5-HT1A agonist

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Hofmann, C.E. and Patyk, I.A. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.10.010

Prenatal ethanol exposure in rats decreases levels of complexin proteins in the frontal cortex

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Barr, A.M. and Hofmann, C.E. and Phillips, A.G. and Weinberg, J. and Honer, W.G.

DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000187806.68957.0a

Prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal programming: Effects on neuroendocrine and immune function

Experimental Biology and Medicine

Zhang, X. and Sliwowska, J.H. and Weinberg, J.

Effect of Duration of Maternal Alcohol Consumption on Calcium Metabolism and Bone in the Fetal Rat

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Keiver, K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000118312.38204.C5

Neonatal procedural pain and preterm infant cortisol response to novelty at 8 months.

Pediatrics

Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F.

Effect of duration of alcohol consumption on calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy in the rat

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Keiver, K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000086063.71754.C1

Type D personality is related to cardiovascular and neuroendocrine reactivity to acute stress

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Habra, M.E. and Linden, W. and Anderson, J.C. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00553-6

Circadian clock resetting by arousal in Syrian hamsters: The role of stress and activity

American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Mistlberger, R.E. and Antle, M.C. and Webb, I.C. and Jones, M. and Weinberg, J. and Pollock, M.S.

Prenatal ethanol exposure and spatial navigation: Effects of postnatal handling and aging

Developmental Psychobiology

Gabriel, K.I. and Johnston, S. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1002/dev.10023

Prenatal ethanol exposure in rats alters serotonergic-mediated behavioral and physiological function

Psychopharmacology

Hofmann, C.E. and Simms, W. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1007/s00213-002-1048-8

Exposure to repeated, intermittent d-amphetamine induces sensitization of HPA axis to a subsequent stressor

Neuropsychopharmacology

Barr, A.M. and Hofmann, C.E. and Weinberg, J. and Phillips, A.G.

DOI: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00308-6

Effects of social housing condition on chemotherapeutic efficacy in a shionogi carcinoma (SC115) mouse tumor model: Influences of temporal factors, tumor size, and tumor growth rate

Psychosomatic Medicine

Kerr, L.R. and Hundal, R. and Silva, W.A. and Emerman, J.T. and Weinberg, J.

Variations in corticosterone feedback do not reveal differences in HPA activity after prenatal ethanol exposure

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Gabriel, K.I. and Ellis, L. and Yu, W. and Weinberg, J.

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure and postnatal handling on conditioned taste aversion

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

Gabriel, K.I. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00117-9

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal regulation after adrenalectomy and corticosterone replacement

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Glavas, M.M. and Hofmann, C.E. and Yu, W.K. and Weinberg, J.

Effect of social housing condition on heat shock protein (HSP) expression in the Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma (SC115)

Breast Cancer Research and Treatment

Andrews, H.N. and Kerr, L.R. and Strange, K.S. and Emerman, J.T. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1023/A:1006314010958

Psychosocial stressors and mammary tumor growth: An animal model

Neurotoxicology and Teratology

Strange, K.S. and Kerr, L.R. and Andrews, H.N. and Emerman, J.T. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0892-0362(99)00049-5

Effects of fetal ethanol exposure on pituitary-adrenal sensitivity to secretagogues

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Osborn, J.A. and Yu, C. and Stelzl, G.E. and Weinberg, J.

Postnatal handling does not attenuate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal hyperresponsiveness after prenatal ethanol exposure

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Gabriel, K.I. and Yu, W. and Ellis, L. and Weinberg, J.

The effect of lactation in the post-partum arthritis of MRL-lpr/fas mice

Rheumatology

Ratkay, L.G. and Weinberg, J. and Waterfield, J.D.

Differential effects of harassment on cardiovascular and salivary cortisol stress reactivity and recovery in women and men

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Earle, T.L. and Linden, W. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3999(98)00075-0

Glucocorticoid fast feedback is not altered in rats prenatally exposed to ethanol

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Hofmann, C. and Glavas, M. and Yu, W. and Weinberg, J.

Chronic intermittent stress does not differentially alter brain corticosteroid receptor densities in rats prenatally exposed to ethanol

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Kwon Kim, C. and Yu, W. and Edin, G. and Ellis, L. and Osborn, J.A. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4530(99)00015-3

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to chronic cold stress in rats

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Kim, C.K. and Giberson, P.K. and Yu, W. and Zoeller, R.T. and Weinberg, J.

Interactive effects of psychosocial stressors and gender on mouse mammary tumor growth

Physiology and Behavior

Kerr, L.R. and Wilkinson, D.A. and Emerman, J.T. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00296-0

Prenatal ethanol exposure differentially alters behavior in males and females on the elevated plus maze

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Osborn, J.A. and Kim, C.K. and Steiger, J. and Weinberg, J.

Influence of ethanol consumption on immune competence of adult animals exposed to ethanol in utero

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Jerrells, T.R. and Weinberg, J.

Fetal ethanol effects on benzodiazepine sensitivity measured by behavior on the elevated plus-maze

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

Osborn, J.A. and Yu, C. and Gabriel, K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00039-2

The hormonal effects of alcohol use on the mother and fetus

Alcohol Research and Health

Gabriel, K. and Hofmann, C. and Glavas, M. and Weinberg, J.

Object-recognition and spatial learning and memory in rats prenatally exposed to ethanol.

Behavioral Neuroscience

C. Kwon Kim and Lisa E. Kalynchuk and Tom J. Kornecook and David G. Mumby and Noushine Afshar Dadgar and John P. J. Pinel and Joanne Weinberg

DOI: 10.1037/0735-7044.111.5.985

10 / 1997

Effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on fetal calcium metabolism

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Keiver, K. and Ellis, L. and Anzarut, A. and Weinberg, J.

The effect of cold stress on lymphocyte proliferation in fetal ethanol- exposed rats

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Giberson, P.K. and Kim, C.K. and Hutchinson, S. and Yu, W. and Junker, A. and Weinberg, J.

Effects of social housing condition on the response of the Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma (SC115) to chemotherapy

Cancer Research

Kerr, L.R. and Grimm, M.S. and Andr Silva, W. and Weinberg, J. and Emerman, J.T.

Effect of surrogate fostering on splenic lymphocytes in fetal ethanol exposed rats

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Giberson, P.K. and Weinberg, J.

Fetal ethanol exposure alters pituitary-adrenal sensitivity to dexamethasone suppression

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Osborn, J.A. and Kim, C.K. and Yu, W. and Herbert, L. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(95)00037-2

Effects of social housing condition and behavior on growth of the Shionogi mouse mammary carcinoma

Physiology and Behavior

Grimm, M.S. and Emerman, J.T. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(95)02126-4

New directions in fetal alcohol syndrome research

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J. and Guerri, C.

Fetal ethanol exposure: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and -endorphin responses to repeated stress

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J. and Taylor, A.N. and Gianoulakis, C.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01054.x

Erratum: Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure and stress in adulthood on lymphocyte populations in rats (Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 19 (1286-1294))

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Giberson, P.K. and Weinberg, J.

Effect of maternal ethanol consumption on maternal and fetal calcium metabolism

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Keiver, K. and Herbert, L. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01127.x

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure and stress in adulthood on lymphocyte populations in rats

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Giberson, P.K. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01613.x

Early handling can attenuate adverse effects of fetal ethanol exposure

Alcohol

Weinberg, J. and Kim, C.K. and Yu, W.

DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(95)00005-C

Role of natural killer cells in psychosocial stressor-induced changes in mouse mammary tumor growth

Cancer Research

Rowse, G.J. and Weinberg, J. and Emerman, J.T.

Recent studies on the effects of fetal alcohol exposure on the endocrine and immune systems.

Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). Supplement.

Weinberg, J.

Prenatal ethanol exposure: Susceptibility to convulsions and ethanol's anticonvulsant effect in amygdala-kindled rats

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Kim, C.K. and Dalal, S. and Pinel, J.P.J. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1994.tb01458.x

Erratum: Prenatal ethanol exposure alters adrenocortical response to predictable and unpredictable stressors (Alcohol (1992) 9(5) (427-432))

Alcohol

Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(93)90044-O

Fetal alcohol syndrome: Review of the literature with implications for physical therapists

Physical Therapy

Osborn, J.A. and Harris, S.R. and Weinberg, J.

Effects of steroid hormones and opioid peptides on the growth of androgen-responsive Shionogi carcinoma (SC115) cells in primary culture

Cancer Research

Jiang, Y. and Weinberg, J. and Wilkinson, D.A. and Emerman, J.T.

Neuroendocrine effects of prenatal alcohol exposure

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Weinberg, J.

Prenatal ethanol exposure: Changes in regional brain catecholamine content following stress

Journal of Neurochemistry

Rudeen, P.K. and Weinberg, J.

Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on neuromotor and cognitive development during early childhood: A series of case reports

Physical Therapy

Harris, S.R. and Osborn, J.A. and Weinberg, J. and Loock, C. and Junaid, K.

Prenatal ethanol effects: Sex differences in offspring stress responsiveness

Alcohol

Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(92)90057-H

Roles of catecholamines and corticosterone during anoxia and recovery at 5C in turtles

American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Keiver, K.M. and Weinberg, J. and Hochachka, P.W.

Endocrine mediation of psychosocial stressor effects on mouse mammary tumor growth

Cancer Letters

Rowse, G.J. and Weinberg, J. and Bellward, G.D. and Emerman, J.T.

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(92)90217-J

The effect of anoxic submergence and recovery on circulating levels of catecholamines and corticosterone in the turtle, Chrysemys picta

General and Comparative Endocrinology

Keiver, K.M. and Weinberg, J. and Hochachka, P.W.

DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(92)90015-C

Prenatal ethanol exposure alters adrenocortical response to predictable and unpredictable stressors

Alcohol

Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(92)90043-A

Effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on glucocorticoid receptors in rat hippocampus

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J. and Petersen, T.D.

Suppression of immune responsiveness: Sex differences in prenatal ethanol effects

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J. and Jerrells, T.R.

Adrenocortical activity during conditions of brief social separation in preweaning rats

Behavioral and Neural Biology

Hennessy, M.B. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0163-1047(90)91231-Y

Interactive effects of ethanol intake and maternal nutritional status on skeletal development of fetal rats

Alcohol

Weinberg, J. and D'Alquen, G. and Bezio, S.

DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(90)90020-D

Alterations in splenic natural killer cell activity induced by the Shionogi mouse mammary tumor

Cancer Letters

Rowse, G.J. and Rowan, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Emerman, J.T.

DOI: 10.1016/0304-3835(90)90095-F

A histological study of the Shionogi adenocarcinoma 115 grown in male and female mice

Histology and Histopathology

Rowse, G.J. and Rowan, R.E. and Worth, A.J. and Reid, P.E. and Weinberg, J. and Emerman, J.T.

Prenatal ethanol exposure alters adrenocortical development of offspring

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J.

Effects of psychosocial stressors on mouse mammary tumor growth

Brain Behavior and Immunity

Weinberg, J. and Emerman, J.T.

DOI: 10.1016/0889-1591(89)90039-1

Hyperresponsiveness to stress: Differential effects of prenatal ethanol on males and females

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J.

Effects of ethanol consumption on the morphology of the rat seminiferous epithelium

Journal of Andrology

Weinberg, J. and Vogl, A.W.

Effects of early experience on responsiveness to ethanol: A preliminary report

Physiology and Behavior

Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(87)90068-0

Alcohol-induced changes in pituitary-adrenal activity during pregnancy

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J. and Bezio, S.

Organ growth and cellular development in ethanol-exposed rats

Alcohol

Vetula Gallo, P. and Weinberg, J.

DOI: 10.1016/0741-8329(86)90035-2

Adrenocortical responsiveness to novelty in the hamster

Physiology and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Wong, R.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90170-8

Effects of ethanol and maternal nutritional status on fetal development

Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research

Weinberg, J.

Nutritional issues in perinatal alcohol exposure

Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology

Weinberg, J.

Consummatory behavior and adrenocortical responsiveness in the hamster

Physiology and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Wong, R.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(83)90089-6

Long-term outcome of jejuno-ileal bypass surgery for superobesity: A psychiatric assessment

American Journal of Psychiatry

Castelnuovo-Tedesco, P. and Weinberg, J. and Buchanan, D. and Scott Jr., H.W.

Sex differences in biobehavioral responses to conflict in a taste aversion paradigm

Physiology and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Gunnar, M.R. and Brett, L.P. and Gonzalez, C.A. and Levine, S.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(82)90004-X

Prenatal ethanol exposure: Pituitary-adrenal activity in pregnant dams and offspring

Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology

Weinberg, J. and Gallo, P.V.

Neuromotor development and response inhibition following prenatal ethanol exposure

Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology

Gallo, P.V. and Weinberg, J.

Pituitary-adrenal activity following prenatal ethanol exposure: Effects in pregnant females and their offspring

Teratology

Weinberg, J. and Gallo, P.V.

Prenatal ethanol exposure: Neuromotor development and postweaning response inhibition

Teratology

Gallo, P.V. and Weinberg, J.

Corticosterone rhythmicity in the rat: Interactive effects of dietary restriction and schedule of feeding

Journal of Nutrition

Gallo, P.V. and Weinberg, J.

Long-term effects of early iron deficiency on consummatory behavior in the rat

Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Brett, L.P. and Levine, S. and Dallman, P.R.

DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90301-4

Early handling effects on the intake of novel substances: differential behavioral and adrenocortical responses

Behavioral and Neural Biology

Weinberg, J. and Smotherman, W.P. and Levine, S.

Shock-induced fighting attenuates the effects of prior shock experience in rats

Physiology and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Erskine, M. and Levine, S.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(80)90173-0

Iron deficiency during early development in the rat: Behavioral and physiological consequences

Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Dallman, P.R. and Levine, S.

DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(80)90179-3

Long-term consequences of early iron deficiency in the rat

Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Levine, S. and Dallman, P.R.

DOI: 10.1016/0091-3057(79)90254-5

Inhibition of pituitary-adrenal activity as a consequence of consummatory behavior

Psychoneuroendocrinology

Levine, S. and Weinberg, J. and Brett, L.P.

DOI: 10.1016/0306-4530(79)90012-X

Early handling effects on neophobia and conditioned taste aversion

Physiology and Behavior

Weinberg, J. and Smotherman, W.P. and Levine, S.

DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(78)90251-2

Differential effects of handling on exploration in male and female rats

Developmental Psychobiology

Weinberg, J. and Krahn, E.-A. and Levine, S.

Early handling influences on behavioral and physiological responses during active avoidance

Developmental Psychobiology

Weinberg, J. and Levine, S.

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