- Overview
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Early stress in immature neonates, both animal and human, has the potential for long-term effects. Medical care of infants born prematurely at very low gestational age (below 33 weeks gestation) involves repeated exposure to noxious procedures, at a time of very rapid brain development and programming of stress systems.
Pain in biologically immature neonates is developmentally “unexpected” inducing numerous physiologic, endocrine and behavioral changes that may contribute to altered brain development and stress regulation - affecting neurodevelopment, ability to self-regulate behaviorally and physiologically, as well as altering multiple aspects of attention, learning and memory. These difficulties may impact the infant's adjustment to the environment, parent-infant interaction, behavior and later academic achievement; however the etiology is largely unknown.
Using a transdisciplinary, biobehavioural approach we have gained new knowledge about pain reactivity, relationships between response systems in premature compared to healthy term born infants, and increased understanding of mechanisms contributing to altered neurodevelopment and internalizing behaviors in these fragile children.
- Publications
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Preterm Sex Differences in Neurodevelopment and Brain Development from Early Life to 8 Years of Age
Journal of Pediatrics
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114271
2025Change in Volumes and Location of Preterm White Matter Injury over a Period of 15 Years
Journal of Pediatrics
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2024.114090
2024Pain Exposure and Brain Connectivity in Preterm Infants
JAMA Network Open
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2551
2024Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months of children diagnosed with CHD compared to children born very preterm
Cardiology in the Young
DOI: 10.1017/S1047951123004316
2024Size and Location of Preterm Brain Injury and Associations With Neurodevelopmental Outcomes
Neurology
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209264
2024Socioeconomic status moderates associations between hippocampal development and cognition in preterms
Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
DOI: 10.1002/acn3.52168
2024Relationships between cortisol levels across early childhood and processing speed at age 4.5 years in children born very preterm
Child Neuropsychology
DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2024.2314958
2024Cortisol levels are related to neonatal pain exposure in children born very preterm at age 18 months in two independent cohorts
Paediatric and Neonatal Pain
Mia A. McLean and Lisa Nakajima and Cecil M. Y. Chau and Joanne Weinberg and Anne R. Synnes and Steven P. Miller and Ruth E. Grunau
DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12112
09/2023Association of Neonatal Midazolam Exposure with Hippocampal Growth and Working Memory Performance in Children Born Preterm
Neurology
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207817
2023Early-life exposure to analgesia and 18-month neurodevelopmental outcomes in very preterm infants
Pediatric Research
Selvanathan, T. and Zaki, P. and McLean, M.A. and Au-Young, S.H. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A.R. and Ly, L.G. and Kelly, E. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02536-y
2023Associations between maternal depressive symptoms and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant treatment on internalising and anxiety behaviours in children: 12-year longitudinal study
BJPsych Open
Hutchison, S.M. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Kuzeljevic, B. and Irvine, M. and M{\^a}sse, L.C. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2022.623
2023Prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant exposure, SLC6A4 genetic variations, and cortisol activity in 6-year-old children of depressed mothers: A cohort study
Developmental Psychobiology
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22425
2023Major Surgery, Brain Injury, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants
Neurology
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000207848
2023Preterm Neurodevelopmental Trajectories from 18 Months to 4.5 Years
Journal of Pediatrics
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.113401
2023Head circumference, total cerebral volume and neurodevelopment in preterm neonates
Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition
Thiviya Selvanathan and Ting Guo and Eddie Kwan and Vann Chau and Rollin Brant and Anne R Synnes and Ruth E Grunau and Steven P Miller
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321397
03/2022Association of Neonatal Pain-Related Stress and Parent Interaction with Internalizing Behaviors Across 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 8.0 Years in Children Born Very Preterm
JAMA Network Open
McLean, M.A. and Scoten, O.C. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38088
2022Pharmacologic Analgesia and Sedation in Neonates
Clinics in Perinatology
McPherson, C. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2021.11.014
2022Proceedings of the 13th International Newborn Brain Conference: Neuroprotection strategies in the neonate
Journal of neonatal-perinatal medicine
Abou Mehrem, A. and Al Awad, E. and Anninck, K. and Au-Young, S. and Aydinol, N. and Bartmann, P. and Benders, M. and Benlamri, A. and Bolderheij, L. and Celik, Y. and Chan, N. and Chau, C. and Chau, V. and Chen, X. and Chetcuti Ganado, C. and Coetser, A. and Cools, F. and Da Rocha, G. and Deigner, H.-P. and Dereymaeker, A. and Deshmukh, L. and Domonoske, R. and Dossani, S. and Dsouza, J.M. and El Gamal, M. and Eshemokhai, P. and Esser, M. and Fiedrich, E. and Franz, A. and Ghosh, A. and Groenendaal, F. and Grunau, R.E. and Venkata, S.K.R.G. and Hamitoglu, S. and Hellstr{\"o}m-Westas, L. and Irvine, L. and Jansen, K. and Javadyan, A. and Jenkin, G. and Kamanga, N. and Kaur, N. and Keles, E. and Keller, M. and Kelly, E. and Kesting, S.J. and Kgwadi, D. and Kim, B. and Kohl, M. and Kowal, D. and Kricitober, J.D. and Leijser, L. and LePine, M. and Lim, Y.-P. and Lodha, A. and Londhe, A. and Ly, L. and Maes, E. and Malhotra, A. and Marlow, N. and Mathew, J.L. and McDonald, C. and McLean, M. and Metcalfe, C. and Meyer, R. and Miller, S.P. and Miller, S. and Mogajane, T. and Mohammad, K. and Momin, S. and Montpetit, J. and Mukiza, N. and Murthy, P. and Scott, J.N. and Nakibuuka, V. and Nakwa, F. and Naulaers, G. and Noort, J. and Ntuli, N. and Ondongo-Ezhet, C. and Paul, R. and Pepper, M. and Plum, A. and Rombough, B. and Saugstad, O. and Scotland, J. and Scott, J. and Seake, K. and Sebunya, R. and Selvanathan, T. and Sepeng, L. and Simsek, H. and Steins-Rang, C. and Stonestreet, B. and Tang, S. and Taskin, E. and Thewissen, L. and Thomas, S. and Thomas, R. and van Kwawegen, A. and van Rensburg, J. and Velaphi, S. and Wu, Y. and Yaman, A. and Yapicioglu-Yildizdas, H. and Yawno, T. and Zaki, P. and Zein, H. and Zhou, L.
DOI: 10.3233/NPM-229003
2022Impact of Differing Language Background Exposures on Bayley-III Language Assessment in a National Cohort of Children Born Less than 29 Weeks’ Gestation
Children
Chan, N.H.-M. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Colby, L. and Petrie, J. and Elfring, T. and Richter, L. and Hendson, L. and Banihani, R. and Luu, T.M.
DOI: 10.3390/children9071048
2022Lower Maternal Chronic Physiological Stress and Better Child Behavior at 18 Months: Follow-Up of a Cluster Randomized Trial of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Family Integrated Care
Journal of Pediatrics
Mclean, M.A. and Scoten, O.C. and Yu, W. and Ye, X.Y. and Petrie, J. and Church, P.T. and Soraisham, A.S. and Mirea, L.S. and Weinberg, J. and Synnes, A.R. and O{'}Brien, K. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.12.055
2022Family integrated care: Very preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
Synnes, A.R. and Petrie, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Church, P. and Kelly, E. and Moddemann, D. and Ye, X. and Lee, S.K. and O{'}Brien, K.
DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321055
2022Neonatal pain, thalamic development and sensory processing behaviour in children born very preterm
Early Human Development
Duerden, E.G. and Mclean, M.A. and Chau, C. and Guo, T. and Mackay, M. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2022.105617
2022Brain Development and Maternal Behavior in Relation to Cognitive and Language Outcomes in Preterm-Born Children
Biological Psychiatry
Miller, J.V. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.03.010
2022Association of Pediatric Buccal Epigenetic Age Acceleration with Adverse Neonatal Brain Growth and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes among Children Born Very Preterm with a Neonatal Infection
JAMA Network Open
Gomaa, N. and Konwar, C. and Gladish, N. and Au-Young, S.H. and Guo, T. and Sheng, M. and Merrill, S.M. and Kelly, E. and Chau, V. and Branson, H.M. and Ly, L.G. and Duerden, E.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Kobor, M.S. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39796
2022MRI based radiomics enhances prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm neonates
Scientific Reports
Wagner, M.W. and So, D. and Guo, T. and Erdman, L. and Sheng, M. and Ufkes, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Branson, H.M. and Chau, V. and Shroff, M.M. and Ertl-Wagner, B.B. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16066-w
2022Ventricular Volume in Infants Born Very Preterm: Relationship with Brain Maturation and Neurodevelopment at Age 4.5 Years
Journal of Pediatrics
Sheng, M. and Guo, T. and Mabbott, C. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and de Vries, L.S. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.05.003
2022Sensory processing and cortisol at age 4 years: Procedural pain-related stress in children born very preterm
Developmental Psychobiology
Mia A. McLean and Nikoo Niknafs and Olivia C. Scoten and Cecil M. Y. Chau and Margot MacKay and Joanne Weinberg and Anne Synnes and Steven P. Miller and Ruth E. Grunau
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22079
07/2021Longitudinal neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm twins
Pediatric Research
Christensen, R. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-0840-7
2021Stress in fetal life ex utero: Very preterm infants
Prenatal Stress and Child Development
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60159-1_11
2021Preterm infant heart rate is lowered after Family Nurture Intervention in the NICU: Evidence in support of autonomic conditioning
Early Human Development
Ludwig, R.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Chafkin, J.E. and Hane, A.A. and Isler, J.R. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Welch, M.G. and Myers, M.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455
2021Neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants conceived by assisted reproductive technology
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.027
2021Interaction between Preterm White Matter Injury and Childhood Thalamic Growth
Annals of Neurology
Cayam-Rand, D. and Guo, T. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Mabbott, C. and Benavente-Fern{\'a}ndez, I. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1002/ana.26201
2021Prenatal antidepressant exposure and sex differences in neonatal corpus callosum microstructure
Developmental Psychobiology
Campbell, K.S.J. and Williams, L.J. and Bjornson, B.H. and Weik, E. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1002/dev.22125
2021Personal perspectives: Infant pain—A multidisciplinary journey
Paediatric and Neonatal Pain
Ruth Eckstein Grunau
DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12017
06/2020Effects of maternal depression and prenatal SSRI exposure on executive functions and susceptibility to household chaos in 6-year-old children: Prospective cohort study
BJPsych Open
Dhaliwal, G. and Weikum, W.M. and Jolicoeur-Martineau, A. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2020.73
2020Neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal caffeine therapy
Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2020.101160
2020Mechanical Ventilation Duration, Brainstem Development, and Neurodevelopment in Children Born Preterm: A Prospective Cohort Study
Journal of Pediatrics
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.039
2020Location and Size of Preterm Cerebellar Hemorrhage and Childhood Development
Annals of Neurology
Garfinkle, J. and Guo, T. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Branson, H.M. and Ufkes, S. and Tam, E.W.Y. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1002/ana.25899
2020Association of early skin breaks and neonatal thalamic maturation: A modifiable risk?
Neurology
Duerden, E.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Groenendaal, F. and Guo, T. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Benders, M. and Wagenaar, N. and Eijsermans, R. and Koopman, C. and Synnes, A. and Vries, L. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010953
2020Sex differences in brain connectivity and male vulnerability in very preterm children
Human Brain Mapping
Kozhemiako, N. and Nunes, A.S. and Vakorin, V.A. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Moiseev, A. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Doesburg, S.M.
DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24809
2020Family Integrated Care (FICare): Positive impact on behavioural outcomes at 18 months
Early Human Development
Church, P.T. and Grunau, R.E. and Mirea, L. and Petrie, J. and Soraisham, A.S. and Synnes, A. and Ye, X.Y. and O{'}Brien, K.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2020.105196
2020Atypical neuromagnetic resting activity associated with thalamic volume and cognitive outcome in very preterm children
Adonay S. Nunes and Nataliia Kozhemiako and Evan Hutcheon and Cecil Chau and Urs Ribary and Ruth E Grunau and Sam M Doesburg
DOI: 10.1101/729038
08/2019Pain in Child Health from 2002 to 2015: The early years of an international research training initiative
Canadian Journal of Pain
Carl L. von Baeyer and Bonnie J. Stevens and Kenneth D. Craig and G. Allen Finley and C. Celeste Johnston and Ruth V.E. Grunau and Christine T. Chambers and Rebecca R. Pillai Riddell and Jennifer N. Stinson and Patrick J. McGrath
DOI: 10.1080/24740527.2018.1562844
01/2019Early psychosocial development of small for gestational age and intrauterine growth-restricted children: a systematic review
Journal of Perinatology
Levine, T.A. and Grunau, R.E. and McAuliffe, F.M. and Alderdice, F.A.
DOI: 10.1038/s41372-019-0369-y
2019Morphine biotransformation genes and neonatal clinical factors predicted behaviour problems in very preterm children at 18¿months
EBioMedicine
Chau, C.M.Y. and Ross, C.J.D. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Carleton, B. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.01.042
2019Atypical resting state neuromagnetic connectivity and spectral power in very preterm children
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
Kozhemiako, N. and Nunes, A. and Vakorin, V.A. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Moiseev, A. and Ribary, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Doesburg, S.M.
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13026
2019Prenatal SSRI antidepressant use and maternal internalizing symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum: Exploring effects on infant temperament trajectories for boys and girls
Journal of Affective Disorders
Erickson, N.L. and Hancock, G.R. and Oberlander, T.F. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Gartstein, M.A.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.003
2019Predictive connectome subnetwork extraction with anatomical and connectivity priors
Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics
Brown, C.J. and Miller, S.P. and Booth, B.G. and Zwicker, J.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Chau, V. and Hamarneh, G.
DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2018.08.009
2019Neurologic Examination Findings Associated With Small Cerebellar Volumes After Prematurity
Journal of Child Neurology
Tam, E.W.Y. and Chau, V. and Lavoie, R. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Guo, T. and Synnes, A. and Zwicker, J. and Grunau, R. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1177/0883073819847925
2019Hippocampus, amygdala, and thalamus volumes in very preterm children at 8 years: Neonatal pain and genetic variation
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
Chau, C.M.Y. and Ranger, M. and Bichin, M. and Park, M.T.M. and Amaral, R.S.C. and Chakravarty, M. and Poskitt, K. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00051
2019Self-reported Quality of Life at Middle School Age in Survivors of Very Preterm Birth: Results from the Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity Trial
JAMA Pediatrics
Schmidt, B. and Anderson, P.J. and Asztalos, E.V. and Doyle, L.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Moddemann, D. and Roberts, R.S.
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.4853
2019Association of socioeconomic status and brain injury with neurodevelopmental outcomes of very preterm children
JAMA Network Open
Benavente-Fernandez, I. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Ramraj, C. and Glass, T. and Cayam-Rand, D. and Siddiqi, A. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2914
2019Alterations in Resting-State Networks Following In Utero Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure in the Neonatal Brain
Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging
Rotem-Kohavi, N. and Williams, L.J. and Virji-Babul, N. and Bjornson, B.H. and Brain, U. and Werker, J.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.08.004
2019Concurrent Validity of the Bayley-III and the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 at 18 Months
Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics
Gill, K. and Osiovich, A. and Synnes, A. and A. Agnew, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Zwicker, J.G.
DOI: 10.1080/01942638.2018.1546255
2019Predicting developmental outcomes in preterm infants: A simple white matter injury imaging rule
Neurology
Cayam-Rand, D. and Guo, T. and Grunau, R.E. and Benavente-Fern{\'a}ndez, I. and Synnes, A. and Chau, V. and Branson, H. and Latal, B. and Mcquillen, P. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008172
2019Hub distribution of the brain functional networks of newborns prenatally exposed to maternal depression and SSRI antidepressants
Depression and Anxiety
Rotem-Kohavi, N. and Williams, L.J. and Muller, A.M. and Abdi, H. and Virji-Babul, N. and Bjornson, B.H. and Brain, U. and Werker, J.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1002/da.22906
2019Adverse behavioral changes in adult mice following neonatal repeated exposure to pain and sucrose
Frontiers in Psychology
Ranger, M. and Tremblay, S. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Goldowitz, D.
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02394
2019Maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy to 3 years postpartum are associated with children’s behavior and executive functions at 3 and 6 years
Archives of Women's Mental Health
Park, M. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Diamond, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1007/s00737-017-0803-0
2018Procedural pain and oral glucose in preterm neonates: Brain development and sex-specific effects
Pain
Schneider, J. and Duerden, E.G. and Guo, T. and Ng, K. and Hagmann, P. and Graz, M.B. and Grunau, R.E. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Huppi, P.S. and Truttmann, A.C. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001123
2018Early procedural pain is associated with regionally-specific alterations in thalamic development in preterm neonates
Journal of Neuroscience
Duerden, E.G. and Grunau, R.E. and Guo, T. and Foong, J. and Pearson, A. and Au-Young, S. and Lavoie, R. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0867-17.2017
2018Children's stress regulation mediates the association between prenatal maternal mood and child executive functions for boys, but not girls
Development and Psychopathology
Neuenschwander, R. and Hookenson, K. and Brain, U. and Grunau, R.E. and Devlin, A.M. and Weinberg, J. and Diamond, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1017/S095457941800041X
2018Neurobehavioral outcomes 11 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity
Pediatrics
M{\"u}rner-Lavanchy, I.M. and Doyle, L.W. and Schmidt, B. and Roberts, R.S. and Asztalos, E.V. and Costantini, L. and Davis, P.G. and Dewey, D. and D{'}Ilario, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Moddemann, D. and Nelson, H. and Ohlsson, A. and Solimano, A. and Tin, W. and Anderson, P.J. and Dix, J. and Adams, B.A. and Warriner, E. and Callanan, C. and Davis, N. and McDonald, M. and Duff, J. and Kelly, E. and Hutchinson, E. and Hohn, D. and Ayaz, A. and Allen, J. and Haslam, R. and Goodchild, L. and Lontis, R.M. and Opie, G. and Woods, H. and Marchant, E. and Magrath, E. and Williamson, A. and Synnes, A. and Butt, A. and Petrie, J. and Sauve, R.S. and Christianson, H. and Anseeuw-Deeks, D. and Makarchuk, S. and Debooy, V. and Granke, N. and Bow, J. and Herlenius, E. and Legnevall, L. and B{\"o}hm, B. and BergStr{\"o}m, B.-M. and St?lnacke, S. and Sund{\'e}n-Cullberg, S. and Mayes, C. and McCusker, C. and Robinson, U. and Embleton, N. and Carnell, J.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-4047
2018Association of histologic chorioamnionitis with perinatal brain injury and early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes among preterm neonates
JAMA Pediatrics
Bierstone, D. and Wagenaar, N. and Gano, D.L. and Guo, T. and Georgio, G. and Groenendaal, F. and De Vries, L.S. and Varghese, J. and Glass, H.C. and Chung, C. and Terry, J. and Rijpert, M. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Barkovich, A.J. and Ferriero, D.M. and Benders, M. and Chau, V. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.0102
2018Plasma betaine is positively associated with developmental outcomes in healthy toddlers at age 2 years who are not meeting the recommended adequate intake for dietary choline
Journal of Nutrition
Wiedeman, A.M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Grunau, R.E. and McCarthy, D. and Yurko-Mauro, K. and Dyer, R.A. and Innis, S.M. and Devlin, A.M.
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy108
2018Multiple Postnatal Infections in Newborns Born Preterm Predict Delayed Maturation of Motor Pathways at Term-Equivalent Age with Poorer Motor Outcomes at 3 Years
Journal of Pediatrics
Glass, T.J.A. and Chau, V. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Guo, T. and Duerden, E.G. and Foong, J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.12.041
2018Clinical Risk Factors for Punctate White Matter Lesions on Early Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Preterm Newborns
Journal of Pediatrics
Wagenaar, N. and Chau, V. and Groenendaal, F. and Kersbergen, K.J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Duerden, E.G. and de Vries, L.S. and Miller, S.P. and Benders, M.J.N.L.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.11.073
2017Repeated exposure to sucrose for procedural pain in mouse pups leads to long-term widespread brain alterations
Pain
Tremblay, S. and Ranger, M. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Ellegood, J. and Lerch, J.P. and Holsti, L. and Goldowitz, D. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000961
2017Quantitative assessment of white matter injury in preterm neonates
Neurology
Guo, T. and Duerden, E.G. and Adams, E. and Chau, V. and Branson, H.M. and Chakravarty, M.M. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003606
2017Survival, Short-Term, and Long-Term Morbidities of Neonates with Birth Weight < 500 g
American Journal of Perinatology
Bashir, R.A. and Thomas, J.P. and Mackay, M. and Agnew, J. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.
DOI: 10.1055/s-0037-1603462
2017Narcotics and Sedative Use in Preterm Neonates
Journal of Pediatrics
Borenstein-Levin, L. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Miller, S.P. and Yoon, E.W. and Shah, P.S.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.08.031
2017BrainNetCNN: Convolutional neural networks for brain networks; towards predicting neurodevelopment
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2017Pregnancy-specific stress, fetoplacental haemodynamics, and neonatal outcomes in women with small for gestational age pregnancies: A secondary analysis of the multicentre Prospective Observational Trial to Optimise Paediatric Health in Intrauterine Growth Restriction
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2017Antenatal exposure to antidepressants is associated with altered brain development in very preterm-born neonates
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Nutrients
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2015How do babies feel pain?
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2015Parent ratings of child cognition and language compared with Bayley-III in preterm 3-year-olds
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2015Prediction of motor function in very preterm infants using connectome features and local synthetic instances
Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)
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2015Early childhood neurodevelopment after intrauterine growth restriction: A systematic review
Pediatrics
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2015Neonatal Pain and Infection Relate to Smaller Cerebellum in Very Preterm Children at School Age
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2015Tract-based spatial statistics in preterm-born neonates predicts cognitive and motor outcomes at 18 months
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2015Stress in parents of children born very preterm is predicted by child externalising behaviour and parent coping at age 7 years
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2015Social variables predict gains in cognitive scores across the preschool years in children with birth weights 500 to 1250 grams
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2015Magnetoencephalography: Neurophysiologic imaging for perinatal brain development
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2015Automatic segmentation of the hippocampus for preterm neonates from early-in-life to term-equivalent age
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2015Cortisol levels in former preterm children at school age are predicted by neonatal procedural pain-related stress
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2015Internalizing behaviours in school-age children born very preterm are predicted by neonatal pain and morphine exposure
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2014Neonatal pain and comt Val158Met genotype in relation to serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) promoter methylation in very preterm children at school age
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2014Neonatal pain control and neurologic effects of anesthetics and sedatives in preterm infants
Clinics in Perinatology
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2014Reduction in developmental coordination disorder with neonatal caffeine therapy
Journal of Pediatrics
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2014Five-year follow-up of effects of neonatal intensive care and morphine infusion during mechanical ventilation on diurnal cortisol rhythm
Journal of Pediatrics
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2014Impact of repeated procedural pain-related stress in infants born very preterm
Pediatric Research
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2014Training highly qualified health research personnel: The Pain in child Health consortium
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2014Early repetitive pain in preterm infants in relation to the developing brain
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2014Manually segmented template library for 8-year-old pediatric brain MRI data with 16 subcortical structures
Journal of Medical Imaging
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2014Invasive procedures in preterm children: Brain and cognitive development at school age
Pediatrics
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2014Prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4) influence executive functions at 6 years of age
Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
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2013The impact of prenatal serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressant exposure and maternal mood on mother-infant interactions at 3 months of age
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2013Perceived Stress and Canadian Early Childcare Educators
Child and Youth Care Forum
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2013Score for neonatal acute physiology-II and neonatal pain predict Corticospinal tract development in premature newborns
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2013Neonatal pain-related stress, functional cortical activity and visual-perceptual abilities in school-age children born at extremely low gestational age
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2013Neonatal Pain-Related Stress Predicts Cortical Thickness at Age 7 Years in Children Born Very Preterm
PLoS ONE
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2013Resuscitation intensity at birth is associated with changes in brain metabolic development in preterm neonates
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2013Region-specific slowing of alpha oscillations is associated with visual-perceptual abilities in children born very preterm
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2013Prenatal and postnatal inflammation in relation to cortisol levels in preterm infants at 18 months corrected age
Journal of Perinatology
Gover, A. and Chau, V. and Miller, S.P. and Brant, R. and Mcfadden, D.E. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.24
2013Neonatal Pain-Related Stress and NFKBIA Genotype Are Associated with Altered Cortisol Levels in Preterm Boys at School Age
PLoS ONE
Grunau, R.E. and Cepeda, I.L. and Chau, C.M.Y. and Brummelte, S. and Weinberg, J. and Lavoie, P.M. and Ladd, M. and Hirschfeld, A.F. and Russell, E. and Koren, G. and Van Uum, S. and Brant, R. and Turvey, S.E.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073926
2013Long term effects of pain-related stress on neurodevelopment and pain perception of infants born very prematurely,Effets à long terme du stress lié à la douleur sur le neurodéveloppement et la perception de la douleur chez les enfants très grands prématurés
Enfance
Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.4074/S0013754513001043
2013Parent behaviors moderate the relationship between neonatal pain and internalizing behaviors at 18 months corrected age in children born very prematurely
Pain
Vinall, J. and Miller, S.P. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.050
2013Hair cortisol reflects socio-economic factors and hair zinc in preschoolers
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Vaghri, Z. and Guhn, M. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Yu, W. and Hertzman, C.
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.06.009
2013Electroencephalographic activity in response to procedural pain in preterm infants born at 28 and 33 weeks gestational age
Clinical Journal of Pain
Maimon, N. and Grunau, R.E. and Cepeda, I.L. and Friger, M. and Selnovik, L. and Gilat, S. and Shany, E.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318284e525
2013Abnormal brain maturation in preterm neonates associated with adverse developmental outcomes
Neurology
Chau, V. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Poskitt, K.J. and Brant, R. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000437298.43688.b9
2013Slower postnatal growth is associated with delayed cerebral cortical maturation in preterm newborns
Science Translational Medicine
Vinall, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Brant, R. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3004666
2013Focused attention, heart rate deceleration, and cognitive development in preterm and full-term infants
Developmental Psychobiology
Petrie Thomas, J.H. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1002/dev.20597
2012Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity
JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association
Schmidt, B. and Anderson, P.J. and Doyle, L.W. and Dewey, D. and Grunau, R.E. and Asztalos, E.V. and Davis, P.G. and Tin, W. and Moddemann, D. and Solimano, A. and Ohlsson, A. and Barrington, K.J. and Roberts, R.S.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2011.2024
2012Neonatal pain in relation to postnatal growth in infants born very preterm
Pain
Vinall, J. and Miller, S.P. and Chau, V. and Brummelte, S. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.02.007
2012Single course of antenatal steroids did not alter cortisol in preterm infants up to 18 months
Acta Paediatrica, International Journal of Paediatrics
Gover, A. and Brummelte, S. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P. and Brant, R. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02629.x
2012Procedural pain and brain development in premature newborns
Annals of Neurology
Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Brant, R. and Vinall, J. and Gover, A. and Synnes, A.R. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1002/ana.22267
2012Frontal EEG/ERP correlates of attentional processes, cortisol and motivational states in adolescents from lower and higher socioeconomic status
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
D{'}Angiulli, A. and Van Roon, P.M. and Weinberg, J. and Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Hertzman, C. and Maggi, S.
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00306
2012Magnetoencephalography reveals slowing of resting peak oscillatory frequency in children born very preterm
Pediatric Research
Doesburg, S.M. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Moiseev, A. and Cheung, T. and Miller, S.P. and Poskitt, K.J. and Weinberg, H. and Whitfield, M.F. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1203/PDR.0b013e3182225a9e
2011Declining cognitive development from 8 to 18months in preterm children predicts persisting higher parenting stress
Early Human Development
Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A.R. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie-Thomas, J.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2011.01.030
2011Altered long-range alpha-band synchronization during visual short-term memory retention in children born very preterm
NeuroImage
Doesburg, S.M. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Miller, S.P. and Poskitt, K.J. and Moiseev, A. and Whitfield, M.F. and Synnes, A. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.044
2011Cortisol levels in relation to maternal interaction and child internalizing behavior in preterm and full-term children at 18 months corrected age
Developmental Psychobiology
Brummelte, S. and Grunau, R.E. and Zaidman-Zait, A. and Weinberg, J. and Nordstokke, D. and Cepeda, I.L.
DOI: 10.1002/dev.20511
2011Preterm birth: Preterm cerebellar growth impairment after postnatal exposure to glucocorticoids
Science Translational Medicine
Tam, E.W.Y. and Chau, V. and Ferriero, D.M. and Barkovich, A.J. and Poskitt, K.J. and Studholme, C. and Fok, E.D.-Y. and Grunau, R.E. and Glidden, D.V. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002884
2011Cortisol, behavior, and heart rate reactivity to immunization pain at 4 months corrected age in infants born very preterm
Clinical Journal of Pain
Grunau, R.E. and Tu, M.T. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J. and Yu, W. and Thiessen, P. and Gosse, G. and Scheifele, D.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181e5bb00
2010Considerations for using sucrose to reduce procedural pain in preterm infants
Pediatrics
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-2445
2010Tractography-Based Quantitation of Corticospinal Tract Development in Premature Newborns
Journal of Pediatrics
Adams, E. and Chau, V. and Poskitt, K.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Synnes, A. and Miller, S.P.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.12.030
2010Long-range synchronization and local desynchronization of alpha oscillations during visual short-term memory retention in children
Experimental Brain Research
Doesburg, S.M. and Herdman, A.T. and Ribary, U. and Cheung, T. and Moiseev, A. and Weinberg, H. and Liotti, M. and Weeks, D. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-2086-9
2010School entry age outcomes for infants with birth weight =800 grams
Journal of Pediatrics
Synnes, A.R. and Anson, S. and Arkesteijn, A. and Butt, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Rogers, M. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.06.016
2010Prenatal alcohol exposure alters biobehavioral reactivity to pain in newborns
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
Oberlander, T.F. and Jacobson, S.W. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E. and Molteno, C.D. and Jacobson, J.L.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01137.x
2010Physiological correlates of memory recall in infancy: Vagal tone, cortisol, and imitation in preterm and full-term infants at 6 months
Infant Behavior and Development
Haley, D.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Keidar, A. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2009.10.007
2010Ethics in neuroscience graduate training programs: Views and models from Canada
Mind, Brain, and Education
Lombera, S. and Fine, A. and Grunau, R.E. and Illes, J.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-228X.2009.01079.x
2010Antenatal depression and anxiety affect postpartum parenting stress: A longitudinal, prospective study
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
Misri, S. and Kendrick, K. and Oberlander, T.F. and Norris, S. and Tomfohr, L. and Zhang, H. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1177/070674371005500405
2010Prenatal effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, serotonin transporter promoter genotype (SLC6A4), and maternal mood on child behavior at 3 years of age
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Oberlander, T.F. and Papsdorf, M. and Brain, U.M. and Misri, S. and Ross, C. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.51
2010Altered long-range phase synchronization and cortical activation in children born very preterm
IFMBE Proceedings
Doesburg, S.M. and Ribary, U. and Herdman, A.T. and Cheung, T. and Moiseev, A. and Weinberg, H. and Whitfield, M.F. and Synnes, A. and Liotti, M. and Weeks, D. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12197-5_57
2010Pain and distress reactivity and recovery as early predictors of temperament in toddlers born preterm
Early Human Development
Klein, V.C. and Gaspardo, C.M. and Martinez, F.E. and Grunau, R.E. and Linhares, M.B.M.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.06.001
2009Neonatal pain, parenting stress and interaction, in relation to cognitive and motor development at 8 and 18 months in preterm infants
Pain
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Synnes, A.R. and Cepeda, I.L. and Keidar, A. and Rogers, M. and MacKay, M. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Johannesen, D.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.02.014
2009Is it painful or not? Discriminant validity of the Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP) scale
Clinical Journal of Pain
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Osiovich, H.
DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318158c5e5
2008Long-term outcome after neonatal intraparenchymal echodensities with porencephaly
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
Sherlock, R.L. and Synnes, A.R. and Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Hubber-Richard, P. and Johannesen, D. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.110726
2008Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function in 3-month old infants with prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant exposure
Early Human Development
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R. and Mayes, L. and Riggs, W. and Rurak, D. and Papsdorf, M. and Misri, S. and Weinberg, J.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2008.06.008
2008Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses
Epigenetics
Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J. and Papsdorf, M. and Grunau, R. and Misri, S. and Devlin, A.M.
DOI: 10.4161/epi.3.2.6034
2008Contingency learning and reactivity in preterm and full-term infants at 3 months
Infancy
Haley, D.W. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Weinberg, J.
DOI: 10.1080/15250000802458682
2008Initial validation of the Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain (BIIP)
Pain
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2007.01.033
2007Maternal stress and behavior modulate relationships between neonatal stress, attention, and basal cortisol at 8 months in preterm infants
Developmental Psychobiology
Mai, T.T. and Grunau, R.E. and Petrie-Thomas, J. and Haley, D.W. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1002/dev.20204
2007Altered Basal Cortisol Levels at 3, 6, 8 and 18 Months in Infants Born at Extremely Low Gestational Age
Journal of Pediatrics
Grunau, R.E. and Haley, D.W. and Whitfield, M.F. and Weinberg, J. and Yu, W. and Thiessen, P.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.10.053
2007Relationships between adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol are altered during clustered nursing care in preterm infants born at extremely low gestational age
Early Human Development
Holsti, L. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.08.005
2007Extremity movements help occupational therapists identify stress responses in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit: A systematic review
Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1177/000841740707400306
2007Externalizing and attentional behaviors in children of depressed mothers treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant during pregnancy
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Oberlander, T.F. and Reebye, P. and Misri, S. and Papsdorf, M. and Kim, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.161.1.22
2007Magnetoencephalography study of brain dynamics in young children born extremely preterm
International Congress Series
Cepeda, I.L. and Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, H. and Herdman, A.T. and Cheung, T. and Liotti, M. and Amir, A. and Synnes, A. and Whitfield, M.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2006.12.090
2007Biobehavioural reactivity to pain in preterm infants: A marker of neuromotor development
Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fay, T. and Holsti, L. and Oberlander, T. and Rogers, M.L.
DOI: 10.1017/S0012162206001010
2006Cortisol, contingency learning, and memory in preterm and full-term infants
Psychoneuroendocrinology
Haley, D.W. and Weinberg, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.06.007
2006Long-term consequences of pain in human neonates
Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine
Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Peters, J.W.B.
DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2006.02.007
2006A prospective controlled study of neurodevelopment in HIV-uninfected children exposed to combination antiretroviral drugs in pregnancy
Pediatrics
Alimenti, A. and Forbes, J.C. and Oberlander, T.F. and Money, D.M. and Grunau, R.E. and Papsdorf, M.P. and Maan, E. and Cole, L.J. and Burdge, D.R.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-0525
2006Stereoselective disposition of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine during pregnancy and breast-feeding
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
Kim, J. and Riggs, K.W. and Misri, S. and Kent, N. and Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Rurak, D.W.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02538.x
2006Behavioral responses to pain are heightened after clustered care in preterm infants born between 30 and 32 weeks gestational age
Clinical Journal of Pain
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Whifield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Lindh, V.
DOI: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000210921.10912.47
2006Teenagers born at extremely low birth weight
Paediatrics and Child Health
Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.E.
2006Internalizing behaviors in 4-year-old children exposed in utero to psychotropic medications
American Journal of Psychiatry
Misri, S. and Reebye, P. and Kendrick, K. and Carter, D. and Ryan, D. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1176/ajp.2006.163.6.1026
2006Body movements: An important additional factor in discriminating pain from stress in preterm infants
Clinical Journal of Pain
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Weinberg, J.
DOI: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000146163.30776.44
2005Aerobic capacity, strength, flexibility, and activity level in unimpaired extremely low birth weight (=800 g) survivors at 17 years of age compared with term-born control subjects
Pediatrics
Rogers, M. and Fay, T.B. and Whitfield, M.F. and Tomlinson, J. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-1603
2005Neonatal procedural pain exposure predicts lower cortisol and behavioral reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU
Pain
Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Haley, D.W. and Oberlander, T. and Weinberg, J. and Solimano, A. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Yu, W.
DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.10.020
2005Pain reactivity in 2-month-old infants after prenatal and postnatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication exposure
Pediatrics
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Papsdorf, M. and Rurak, D. and Riggs, W.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0420
2005Prior pain induces heightened motor responses during clustered care in preterm infants in the NICU
Early Human Development
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.08.002
2005Does Prone or Supine Position Influence Pain Responses in Preterm Infants at 32 Weeks Gestational Age?
Clinical Journal of Pain
Grunau, R.E. and Linhares, M.B.M. and Holsti, L. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200403000-00003
2004Specific newborn individualized developmental care and assessment program movements are associated with acute pain in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit
Pediatrics
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.114.1.65
2004Neonatal procedural pain and preterm infant cortisol response to novelty at 8 months.
Pediatrics
Grunau, R.E. and Weinberg, J. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.114.1.e77
2004Psychosocial and academic characteristics of extremely low birth weight (=800 g) adolescents who are free of major impairment compared with term-born control subjects
Pediatrics
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fay, T.B.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-0932
2004Are there developmentally distinct motor indicators of pain in preterm infants?
Early Human Development
Morison, S.J. and Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Oberlander, T.F. and Chan, H.W.P. and Williams, L.
DOI: 10.1016/S0378-3782(03)00044-6
2003Neonatal Facial Coding System for Assessing Postoperative Pain in Infants: Item Reduction is Valid and Feasible
Clinical Journal of Pain
Peters, J.W.B. and Koot, H.M. and Grunau, R.E. and De Boer, J. and Van Druenen, M.J. and Tibboel, D. and Duivenvoorden, H.J.
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200311000-00003
2003Pattern of learning disabilities in children with extremely low birth weight and broadly average intelligence
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Davis, C.
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.156.6.615
2002Prolonged prenatal psychotropic medication exposure alters neonatal acute pain response
Pediatric Research
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Ellwood, A.-L. and Misri, S. and Rurak, D. and Riggs, K.W.
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200204000-00008
2002Pain in vulnerable infants
Clinics in Perinatology
Stevens, B. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00023-4
2002Does parenchymal brain injury affect biobehavioral pain responses in very low birth weight infants at 32 weeks' postconceptional age?
Pediatrics
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Fitzgerald, C. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.110.3.570
2002Early pain in preterm infants: A model of long-term effects
Clinics in Perinatology
Eckstein Grunau, R.
DOI: 10.1016/S0095-5108(02)00012-X
2002Affect expression in prenatally psychotropic exposed and nonexposed mother-infant dyads
Infant Mental Health Journal
Reebye, P.N. and Morison, S.J. and Panikkar, H. and Misri, S. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1002/imhj.10025
2002Developmental coordination disorder in extremely low birth weight children at nine years
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Holsti, L. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1097/00004703-200202000-00002
2002Preventive medicine
Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice
Eckstein Grunau, R.
DOI: 10.1016/S0095-4543(02)00020-9
2002Pain reactivity in former extremely low birth weight infants at corrected age 8 months compared with term born controls
Infant Behavior and Development
Eckstein Grunau, R. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Morison, S.J. and Philip Saul, J.
DOI: 10.1016/S0163-6383(01)00065-0
2001Consensus statement for the prevention and management of pain in the newborn
Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
Anand, K.J.S. and Aynsley-Green, A. and Bancalari, E. and Benini, F. and Champion, G.D. and Craig, K.D. and Dangel, T.S. and Fournier-Charri{\`e}re, E. and Franck, L.S. and Grunau, R.E. and Hertel, S.A. and Jacqz-Aigrain, E. and Jorch, G. and Kopelman, B.I. and Koren, G. and Larsson, B. and Marlow, N. and McIntosh, N. and Ohlsson, A. and Olsson, G. and Porter, F. and Richter, R. and Stevens, B. and Taddio, A.
DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.155.2.173
2001Demographic and therapeutic determinants of pain reactivity in very low birth weight neonates at 32 weeks' postconceptional age
Pediatrics
Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Lee, S.K.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.1.105
2001Relations between behavioral and cardiac autonomic reactivity to acute pain in preterm neonates
Clinical Journal of Pain
Morison, S.J. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200112000-00010
2001Predicting IQ of biologically "at risk" children from age 3 to school entry: Sensitivity and specificity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale IV
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie, J.
DOI: 10.1097/00004703-200012000-00001
2000Behavior, pain perception, and the extremely low-birth weight survivor
Clinics in Perinatology
Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/S0095-5108(05)70026-9
2000Are twitches, startles, and body movements pain indicators in extremely low birth weight infants?
Clinical Journal of Pain
Grunau, R.E. and Holsti, L. and Whitfield, M.F. and Ling, E.
DOI: 10.1097/00002508-200003000-00007
2000Biobehavioral pain responses in former extremely low birth weight infants at four months' corrected age
Pediatrics
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Fitzgerald, C. and Pitfield, S. and Philip Saul, J.
DOI: 10.1542/peds.105.1.e6
2000The developmental character of cardiac autonomic responses to an acute noxious event in 4-and 8-month-old healthy infants
Pediatric Research
Oberlander, T.F. and Grunau, R.E. and Pitfield, S. and Whitfield, M.F. and Saul, J.P.
DOI: 10.1203/00006450-199904010-00011
1999Long-term effects of pain in infants
Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
Porter, F.L. and Grunau, R.E. and Anand, K.J.S.
DOI: 10.1097/00004703-199908000-00008
1999Morphine pharmacokinetics and pain assessment in premature newborns
Journal of Pediatrics
Scott, C.S. and Riggs, K.W. and Ling, E.W. and Fitzgerald, C.E. and Hill, M.L. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Solimano, A. and Craig, K.D.
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70163-0
1999Children's judgements about pain at age 8-10 years: Do extremely low birthweight (= 1000 g) children differ from full birthweight peers
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines
Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie, J.
DOI: 10.1017/S0021963098002406
1998Bedside application of the neonatal facial coding system in pain assessment of premature neonates
Pain
Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T. and Holsti, L. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(98)00046-3
1998Long-term effects of pain
Research and Clinical Forums
1998Developmental character and long-term consequences of pain in infants and children
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
Anand, K.S. and Grunau, R.E. and Oberlander, T.F.
DOI: 10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30274-8
1997Judging pain in infants: Behavioural, contextual, and developmental determinants
Pain
Hadjistavropoulos, H.D. and Craig, K.D. and Grunau, R.E. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00113-9
1997The expression of pain in infants and toddlers: Developmental changes in facial action
Pain
Lilley, C.M. and Craig, K.D. and Grunau, R.E.
DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00034-1
1997Extremely premature (= 800 g) schoolchildren: Multiple areas of hidden disability
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Holsti, L.
DOI: 10.1136/fn.77.2.F85
1997Issues of Assessment of Pain and Discomfort in Neonates
Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing
Stevens, B.J. and Johnston, C.C. and Grunau, R.V.E.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02570.x
1995Early pain experience, child and family factors, as precursors of somatization: a prospective study of extremely premature and fullterm children
Pain
Grunau, R.V.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie, J.H. and Fryer, E.L.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90174-0
1994A comparison of two measures of facial activity during pain in the newborn child
Journal of Pediatric Psychology
Craig, K.D. and Hadjistavropoulos, H.D. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/19.3.305
1994Pain sensitivity and temperament in extremely low-birth-weight premature toddlers and preterm and full-term controls
Pain
Grunau, R.V.E. and Whitfield, M.F. and Petrie, J.H.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(94)90128-7
1994Judging pain in newborns: Facial and cry determinants
Journal of Pediatric Psychology
Hadjistavropoulos, H.D. and Craig, K.D. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Johnston, C.C.
DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/19.4.485
1994Pain in the preterm neonate: behavioural and physiological indices
Pain
Craig, K.D. and Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Linton, J. and Hadjistavropoulos, H.D.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90162-I
1993Erratum: Pain in the preterm neonate: Behavioural and physiological indices (Pain, 52 (1993) 287-299)
Pain
Craig, K.D. and Whitfield, M.F. and Grunau, R.V.E. and Linton, J. and Hadjistavropoulos, H.D.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90106-Y
1993Developmental changes in pain expression in premature, full-term, two- and four-month-old infants
Pain
Johnston, C.C. and Stevens, B. and Craig, K.D. and Grunau, R.V.E.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90132-9
1993Neonatal responses to invasive procedures.
Nursing times
Grunau, R.
1991Language development at 3 years in pre-term children of birth weight below 1000 g
International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
Grunau, R.V.E. and Kearney, S.M. and Whitfield, M.F.
DOI: 10.3109/13682829009011972
1990Neonatal facial and cry responses to invasive and non-invasive procedures
Pain
Grunau, R.V.E. and Johnston, C.C. and Craig, K.D.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(90)91142-6
1990Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry
Pain
Grunau, R.V.E. and Craig, K.D.
DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(87)90073-X
1987Cognitive and task-related EEG correlates of arithmetic performance in adolescents.
Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology : official journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
Grunau, R.V. and Low, M.D.
DOI: 10.1080/01688638708410769
1987Identifying academic aptitude in adolescent children by psychological testing and EEG spectral analysis
Neuropsychologia
Grunau, R.V.E. and Purves, S.J. and McBurney, A.K. and Low, M.D.
DOI: 10.1016/0028-3932(81)90047-6
1981Neurological, psychological and educational sequelae of low birth weight
Brain and Development
Dunn, H. and Crichton, J. and Grunau, R. and McBurney, A.K. and McCormick, A. and Robertson, A. and Schulzer, M.
DOI: 10.1016/S0387-7604(80)80008-8
1980Effects of elaborative prompt condition and developmental level on the performance of addition problems by kindergarten children
Journal of Educational Psychology
Grunau, R.V.
DOI: 10.1037/0022-0663.70.3.422
1978 - Research
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Current Projects
The focus of my transdisciplinary research program is biobehavioural reactivity and infant neurodevelopment, broadly encompassing multiple aspects of infant arousal, self-regulation, attention, cognition and brain development in preterm and term born infants. My research program is currently funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH, USA) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).
Clinical practice of pain management in neonatal intensive care Unit (NICU) changed over the years from no concern with pain to widespread use of analgesia and sedation, however there are major gaps in knowledge of pain assessment in immature infants, and in long term effects of pain-related stress and pain medications. With the goal to improve pain assessment, we recently confirmed that, along with recognized facial and heart rate changes, there are motor stress behaviors unique to premature infants (e.g. backward splaying of fingers). Conversely, other behaviors such as twitches and startles reflect sleep/waking state, and do not appear to be stress or pain cues. We have shown that greater exposure to neonatal pain-related stress in the NICU (adjusted for multiple medical and neonatal confounding factors) is associated with altered brain microstructure, cortico-spinal tract development, cortical thinning and resting oscillatory activity, stress hormone (cortisol) expression, cognitive development and internalizing behaviors, in infancy and at school-age. Importantly, greater morphine exposure does not appear to prevent adverse long term sequelae, and may impair cerebellar growth.
In two longitudinal cohorts followed since birth, we build on our extensive neonatal medical and nursing data to examine behavior, neurodevelopment, stress regulation, parent-infant interaction at multiple ages from infancy to school-age. Further, in collaboration with the Child and Family Brain Imaging Facility and Brain mapping Unit, our group undertakes brain imaging (MRI, DTI), and in collaboration with Simon Fraser University - magnetoencephalography (MEG) at school-age. Furthermore, we are studying to what extent caregiver interaction style and parenting stress may modify infant behavior, as well as ameliorate or exacerbate effects of early stress/pain experience in preterm infants.
In collaboration with geneticists in CFRI, we are beginning to address gene X environment (early stress) interactions, as well as epigenetics.GrantsCIHR Operating Grant – Project: "Analgesia and sedation in the preterm neonate: brain development and outcome" (2014-2020)
CIHR Operating Grant - Project: "Stress, Brain and Neurodevelopment in Children Born Preterm" (2018-2022)
Honours & AwardsJeffrey Lawson Award for Advocacy in Children’s Pain Relief, American Pain Society 2018
Rovee-Collier Mentor Award, International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 2018
Outstanding Pain Mentorship Award, Canadian Pain Society 2019
Distinguished Career Award, International Association for the Study of Pain SIG Pain in Childhood 2019
Senior Scholar, Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, 2001 - 2006
Senior Scholar, Human Early Learning Partnership, 2007 - 2009
Research Group MembersMary Beckingham, Research Assistant
Cecil Ming Yeung Chau, Research Manager
Vicki Goh, Research Nurse
A career dedicated to relieving pain in the tiniest patients: Dr. Ruth Grunau recognized for outstanding accomplishments in the field of infant pain
At one time, many doctors and nurses believed that newborn babies couldn’t feel pain. Now we know that high levels of pain early in life can have lasting effects on the brain development and stress responses of babies born very preterm. This dramatic shift is due in part to the research of BC Children’s Hospital investigator Dr. Ruth Grunau who has dedicated her career to understanding and managing the effects of pain on young babies.
