Overview

The human gut is a very complex system that affects many areas of health. For the gut to work normally, there must be coordination between the immune system, nervous system, and multiple different cell types that line the gut and help it to process and absorb food while fighting infections. The gut also carries a huge number of microbes that play important roles in maintaining its functions. My work focuses on the way that the intestinal immune system functions to fight infections while maintaining normal relationships with the "good" bacteria that normally live in the gut.

Publications

Altered receptor binding, antibody evasion and retention of T cell recognition by the SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.5 spike protein
Nature Communications
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46104-2
2024

Adaptive immune responses to two-dose COVID-19 vaccine series in healthy Canadian adults = 50 years: a prospective, observational cohort study
Scientific Reports
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59535-0
2024

Dysregulated Immunity to Clostridioides difficile in IBD Patients Without a History of Recognized Infection
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izad238
2024

Quantitative analysis of the impact of infectious disease physicians on patients in the emergency department fast-track parenteral antibiotics program
BMC Infectious Diseases
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09305-0
2024

Correction to: Integrated Safety and Efficacy Analyses of Phase 3 Trials of a Microbiome Therapeutic for Recurrent CDI (Infectious Diseases and Therapy, (2024), 10.1007/s40121-024-01007-z)
Infectious Diseases and Therapy
DOI: 10.1007/s40121-024-01036-8
2024

Adaptive immune responses to two-dose COVID-19 vaccine series in healthy Canadian adults > 50 years: a prospective, observational cohort study
Research Square
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3214357
2023

Evading the Toll booth: How “silent” flagellins may bind yet fail to activate TLR5
Science Immunology
DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adf0244
2023

Clostridioides difficile PCR Tcdb Cycle Threshold predicts toxin EIA positivity but not severity of infection
Anaerobe
DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102755
2023

Flagellin-specific human CAR Tregs for immune regulation in IBD
Journal of Autoimmunity
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102961
2023

Improving care for patients with Clostridioides difficile infection: A clinical practice and healthcare systems perspective
Frontiers in Medicine
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1033417
2023

How to present work productivity loss results from clinical trials for patients and caregivers? A mixed methods approach
Social Science and Medicine
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115999
2023

T-cell activation–induced marker assays in health and disease
Immunology and Cell Biology
DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12636
2023

An in vitro chronic damage model impairs inflammatory and regenerative responses in human colonoid monolayers
Cell Reports
William D. Rees and Nikita Telkar and David T.S. Lin and May Q. Wong and Chad Poloni and Ayda Fathi and Michael Kobor and Nicholas C. Zachos and Theodore S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110283
01/2022

Phage display of environmental protein toxins and virulence factors reveals the prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses
Immunity
Angkeow, J.W. and Monaco, D.R. and Chen, A. and Venkataraman, T. and Jayaraman, S. and Valencia, C. and Sie, B.M. and Liechti, T. and Farhadi, P.N. and Funez-dePagnier, G. and Sherman-Baust, C.A. and Wong, M.Q. and Ruczinski, I. and Caturegli, P. and Sears, C.L. and Simner, P.J. and Round, J.L. and Duggal, P. and Laserson, U. and Steiner, T.S. and Sen, R. and Lloyd, T.E. and Roederer, M. and Mammen, A.L. and Longman, R.S. and Rider, L.G. and Larman, H.B.
DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.05.002
2022

A¿ TMPRSS2 inhibitor acts as a pan-SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic and therapeutic
Nature
Shapira, T. and Monreal, I.A. and Dion, S.P. and Buchholz, D.W. and Imbiakha, B. and Olmstead, A.D. and Jager, M. and D{\'e}silets, A. and Gao, G. and Martins, M. and Vandal, T. and Thompson, C.A.H. and Chin, A. and Rees, W.D. and Steiner, T. and Nabi, I.R. and Marsault, E. and Sahler, J. and Diel, D.G. and Van de Walle, G.R. and August, A. and Whittaker, G.R. and Boudreault, P.-L. and Leduc, R. and Aguilar, H.C. and Jean, F.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04661-w
2022

Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3-beta (GSK3ß) blocks nucleocapsid phosphorylation and SARS-CoV-2 replication
Research Square
DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1197371/v1
2022

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection Enhances Adaptive Immunity to C difficile Toxin B
Gastroenterology
Laura Cook and William D. Rees and May Q. Wong and Hannah Peters and Megan K. Levings and Theodore S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.009
05/2021

Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection Is Associated With Impaired T Helper Type 17 Immunity to C difficile Toxin B
Gastroenterology
Laura Cook and William D. Rees and May Q. Wong and William W. Kwok and Megan K. Levings and Theodore S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.043
03/2021

A novel highly potent inhibitor of TMPRSS2-like proteases blocks SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and is broadly protective against infection and mortality in mice
bioRxiv
Shapira, T. and Monreal, I.A. and Dion, S.P. and Jager, M. and D{\'e}silets, A. and Olmstead, A.D. and Vandal, T. and Buchholz, D.W. and Imbiakha, B. and Gao, G. and Chin, A. and Rees, W.D. and Steiner, T. and Nabi, I.R. and Marsault, E. and Sahler, J. and August, A. and van de Walle, G. and Whittaker, G.R. and Boudreault, P.-L. and Aguilar, H.C. and Leduc, R. and Jean, F.
DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.03.442520
2021

Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a Clostridioides difficile toxoid vaccine candidate: a phase 3 multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial
The Lancet Infectious Diseases
de Bruyn, G. and Gordon, D.L. and Steiner, T. and Tambyah, P. and Cosgrove, C. and Martens, M. and Bassily, E. and Chan, E.-S. and Patel, D. and Chen, J. and Torre-Cisneros, J. and Fernando De Magalh{\~a}es Francesconi, C. and Gesser, R. and Jeanfreau, R. and Launay, O. and Laot, T. and Morfin-Otero, R. and Oviedo-Orta, E. and Park, Y.S. and Piazza, F.M. and Rehm, C. and Rivas, E. and Self, S. and Gurunathan, S.
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30331-5
2021

Sarilumab in patients admitted to hospital with severe or critical COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial
The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Lescure, F.-X. and Honda, H. and Fowler, R.A. and Lazar, J.S. and Shi, G. and Wung, P. and Patel, N. and Hagino, O. and Bazzalo, I.J. and Casas, M.M. and Nu{\~n}ez, S.A. and Pere, Y. and Ibarrola, C.M. and Solis Aramayo, M.A. and Cuesta, M.C. and Duarte, A.E. and Gutierrez Fernandez, P.M. and Iannantuono, M.A. and Miyazaki, E.A. and Silvio, J.P. and Scublinsky, D.G. and Bales, A. and Catarino, D. and Fiss, E. and Mohrbacher, S. and Sato, V. and Baylao, A. and Cavalcante, A. and Correa, F. and de Andrade, C.A. and Furtado, J. and Ribeiro Filho, N. and Telles, V. and Trevelin, L.T. and Vipich, R. and Boldo, R. and Borges, P. and Lobo, S. and Luckemeyer, G. and Machado, L. and Alves, M.B. and Iglessias, A.C. and Lago, M.M. and Santos, D.W. and Chapdelaine, H. and Falcone, E.L. and Jamal, R. and Luong, M.-L. and Durand, M. and Doucet, S. and Carrier, F.-M. and Coburn, B.A. and Del Sorbo, L. and Walmsley, S.L. and Belga, S. and Chen, L.Y. and Mah, A.D. and Steiner, T. and Wright, A.J. and Hajek, J. and Adhikari, N. and Fowler, R.A. and Daneman, N. and Khwaja, K.A. and Shahin, J. and Gonzalez, C. and Silva, R. and Lindh, M. and Maluenda, G. and Fernandez, P. and Oyonarte, M. and Lasso, M. and Boyer, A. and Bronnimann, D. and Bui, H.-N. and Cazanave, C. and Chaussade, H. and Desclaux, A. and Ducours, M. and Duvignaud, A. and Malvy, D. and Martin, L. and Neau, D. and Nguyen, D. and Pistone, T. and Soubrane-Wirth, G. and Leitao, J. and Allavena, C. and Biron, C. and Bouchez, S. and Gaborit, B. and Gregoire, A. and Le Turnier, P. and Lecompte, A.-S. and Lecomte, R. and Lefebvre, M. and Raffi, F. and Boutoille, D. and Morineau, P.H. and Gu{\'e}ry, R. and Chatelus, E. and Dumoussaud, N. and Felten, R. and Luca, F. and Goichot, B. and Schneider, F. and Taquet, M.-C. and Groh, M. and Roumier, M. and Neuville, M. and Bachelard, A. and Isernia, V. and Lescure, F.-X. and Phung, B.-C. and Rachline, A. and Sautereau, A. and Vallois, D. and Bleher, Y. and Boucher, D. and Coudon, C. and Esnault, J. and Guimard, T. and Leautez-Nainville, S. and Merrien, D. and Morrier, M. and Motte-Vincent, P. and Gabeff, R. and Leclerc, H. and Cozic, C. and Decours, R. and F{\'e}vrier, R. and Colin, G. and Abgrall, S. and Vignes, D. and Sterpu, R. and Kuellmar, M. and Meersch-Dini, M. and Weiss, R. and Zarbock, A. and Antony, C. and Berger, M. and Brenner, T. and Taube, C. and Herbstreit, F. and Dolff, S. and Konik, M. and Schmidt, K. and Zettler, M. and Witzke, O. and Boell, B. and Garcia Borrega, J. and Koehler, P. and Zander, T. and Dusse, F. and Al-Sawaf, O. and K{\"o}hler, P. and Eichenauer, D. and Kochanek, M. and Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, A. and Mellinghoff, S. and Cla{\ss}en, A. and Heger, J.-M. and Meyer-Schwickerath, C. and Liedgens, P. and Heindel, K. and Belkin, A. and Biber, A. and Gilboa, M. and Levy, I. and Litachevsky, V. and Rahav, G. and Finesod Wiedner, A. and Zilberman-Daniels, T. and Oster, Y. and Strahilevitz, J. and Sviri, S. and Baldissera, E.M. and Campochiaro, C. and Cavalli, G. and Dagna, L. and De Luca, G. and Della Torre, E. and Tomelleri, A. and Bernasconi De Luca, D. and Capetti, A.F. and Coen, M. and Cossu, M.V. and Galli, M. and Giacomelli, A. and Gubertini, G.A. and Rusconi, S. and Burastero, G.J. and Digaetano, M. and Guaraldi, G. and Meschiari, M. and Mussini, C. and Puzzolante, C. and Volpi, S. and Aiello, M. and Ariani, A. and Chetta, A.A. and Frizzelli, A. and Ticinesi, A. and Tuttolomondo, D. and Aliberti, S. and Blasi, F.B. and Di Pasquale, M.F. and Misuraca, S. and Pilocane, T. and Simonetta, E. and Aghelmo, A.M. and Angelini, C. and Brunetta, E. and Canonica, G.W. and Ciccarelli, M. and Dal Farra, S. and De Santis, M. and Ferri, S. and Folci, M. and Guidelli, G.M. and Heffler, E.M. and Loiacono, F. and Malipiero, G. and Paoletti, G. and Pedale, R. and Puggioni, F.A. and Racca, F. and Zumbo, A. and Satou, M. and Lisun, T. and Protsenko, D. and Rubtsov, N. and Beloglazova, I. and Fomina, D. and Lysenko, M. and Serdotetskova, S. and Firstov, V. and Gordeev, I. and Kokorin, I. and Komissarova, K. and Lapochkina, N. and Luchinkina, E. and Malimon, V. and Mamedguseyinova, S. and Polubatonova, K. and Suvorova, N. and Arribas, J. and Borobia Perez, A.M. and de la Calle Prieto, F. and Figueira, J.C. and Motejano Sanchez, R. and Mora-Rillo, M. and Prados Sanchez, C. and Queiruga Parada, J. and Fernandez Arnalich, F. and Guerro Barrientos, M. and Bendala Estrada, A. and Caballero Marcos, A. and Garcia Leoni, M.E. and Garc{\'i}a-Mart{\'i}nez, R. and Collado, A.M. and Munoz Garcia, P. and Torres do Rego, A. and Villalba Garc{\'i}a, M.V. and Burrillo, A. and Valerio Minero, M. and Gijon Vidaurreta, P. and Infante Herrero, S. and Velilla, E. and Machado, M. and Olmedo, M. and Pinilla, B. and Almirante Gragera, B. and Ca{\~n}as Ruano, M.D.L.E. and Contreras Medina, S. and Cort{\'e}s Herrera, A. and Falc{\'o} Ferrer, V. and Ferrer Roca, R. and Nuvials Casals, X. and Ribera Pascuet, E. and Suanzes Diez, P. and Rebollo Castro, P. and Garcia Alcaide, F. and Soriano, A. and Oliver Caldes, A. and Gonz{\'a}lez Cord{\'o}n, A. and Cardozo, C. and De la Mora Ca{\~n}izo, L. and Pena L{\'o}pez, R. and Chamorro, S. and Crespillo-Andujar, C. and Escudero Sanchez, R. and Fort{\'u}n-Abete, J. and Monge-Maillo, B. and Moreno Zamora, A. and Norman, F. and Sanchez Conde, M. and Serrano Villar, S. and Vizcarra, P.
DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00099-0
2021

Prevalence, persistence, and genetics of antibody responses to protein toxins and virulence factors
bioRxiv
Angkeow, J.W. and Monaco, D.R. and Chen, A. and Venkataraman, T. and Jayaraman, S. and Valencia, C. and Sie, B.M. and Liechti, T. and Farhadi, P.N. and Funez-DePagnier, G. and Sherman-Baust, C.A. and Wong, M.Q. and Sears, C.L. and Simner, P.J. and Round, J.L. and Duggal, P. and Laserson, U. and Steiner, T.S. and Sen, R. and Lloyd, T.E. and Roederer, M. and Mammen, A.L. and Longman, R.S. and Rider, L.G. and Larman, H.B.
DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.01.462481
2021

Regenerative Intestinal Stem Cells Induced by Acute and Chronic Injury: The Saving Grace of the Epithelium?
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
Rees WD and Tandun R and Yau E and Zachos NC and Steiner TS
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583919
PubMed: 33282867
11/2020

A method for expansion and retroviral transduction of mouse regulatory T cells.
Journal of immunological methods
Wu D and Wong MQ and Vent-Schmidt J and Boardman DA and Steiner TS and Levings MK
DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112931
PubMed: 33221458
11/2020

Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Infects and Replicates within Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells.
Microorganisms
Rees WD and Lorenzo-Leal AC and Steiner TS and Bach H
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8070994
PubMed: 32635236
07/2020

Analysis of Flagellin-Specific Adaptive Immunity Reveals Links to Dysbiosis in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Cook, L. and Lisko, D.J. and Wong, M.Q. and Garcia, R.V. and Himmel, M.E. and Seidman, E.G. and Bressler, B. and Levings, M.K. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.11.012
2020

How do immune and mesenchymal cells influence the intestinal epithelial cell compartment in inflammatory bowel disease? Let's crosstalk about it!
Journal of Leukocyte Biology
Rees, W.D. and Sly, L.M. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1002/JLB.3MIR0120-567R
2020

Enteroids derived from inflammatory bowel disease patients display dysregulated endoplasmic reticulum stress pathways, leading to differential inflammatory responses and dendritic cell maturation
Journal of Crohn's and Colitis
Rees, W.D. and Stahl, M. and Jacobson, K. and Bressler, B. and Sly, L.M. and Vallance, B.A. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1093/ECCO-JCC/JJZ194
2020

Patients' Willingness and Perspectives Toward Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Regulatory Cell Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Crohn's and Colitis 360
Vent-Schmidt, J. and Goldsmith, L.J. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1093/crocol/otaa085
2020

Patient experiences with clostridioides difficile infection: Results of a Canada-wide survey
Patient Preference and Adherence
Vent-Schmidt, J. and Attara, G.P. and Lisko, D. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.2147/PPA.S229539
2020

Impaired Th17 immunity in recurrent C. difficile infection is ameliorated by fecal microbial transplantation
medRxiv
Cook, L. and Rees, W.D. and Wong, M.Q. and Wang, X. and Peters, H. and Oliveira, L. and Lau, T. and Mah, R. and Bressler, B. and Gomez, R. and Chow, I.-T. and James, E.A. and Kwok, W.W. and Levings, M.K. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.05.20114876
2020

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110d drives intestinal fibrosis in SHIP deficiency
Mucosal Immunology
Lo, Y. and Sauve, J.P. and Menzies, S.C. and Steiner, T.S. and Sly, L.M.
DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0191-z
2019

Suppressive and Gut-Reparative Functions of Human Type 1 T Regulatory Cells
Gastroenterology
Cook, L. and Stahl, M. and Han, X. and Nazli, A. and MacDonald, K.N. and Wong, M.Q. and Tsai, K. and Dizzell, S. and Jacobson, K. and Bressler, B. and Kaushic, C. and Vallance, B.A. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.09.002
2019

Whole blood human transcriptome and virome analysis of ME/CFS patients experiencing post-exertional malaise following cardiopulmonary exercise testing
PLoS ONE
Bouquet, J. and Li, T. and Gardy, J.L. and Kang, X. and Stevens, S. and Stevens, J. and VanNess, M. and Snell, C. and Potts, J. and Miller, R.R. and Morshed, M. and McCabe, M. and Parker, S. and Uyaguari, M. and Tang, P. and Steiner, T. and Chan, W.-S. and De Souza, A.-M. and Mattman, A. and Patrick, D.M. and Chiu, C.Y.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212193
2019

Adaptive immune response to Clostridium difficile infection: A perspective for prevention and therapy
European Journal of Immunology
Rees, W.D. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201747295
2018

Association of medical microbiology and infectious disease canada treatment practice guidelines for clostridium difficile infection
JAMMI
Loo, V.G. and Davis, I. and Embil, J. and Evans, G.A. and Hota, S. and Lee, C. and Lee, T.C. and Longtin, Y. and Louie, T. and Moayyedi, P. and Poutanen, S. and Simor, A.E. and Steiner, T. and Thampi, N. and Valiquette, L.
DOI: 10.3138/jammi.2018.02.13
2018

Associations of DC-SIGN (CD209) promoter -336G/A polymorphism (rs4804803) with dengue infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Acta Tropica
Pabalan, N. and Chaisri, S. and Tabunhan, S. and Phumyen, A. and Jarjanazi, H. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.10.017
2018

Case report: Ivermectin and Albendazole Plasma concentrations in a patient with disseminated strongyloidiasis on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and continuous renal replacement therapy
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Boodman, C. and Chhonker, Y.S. and Murry, D.J. and Mah, A. and Grant, J. and Steiner, T. and Libman, M. and Nishi, C. and Charles, M.
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0487
2018

Bezlotoxumab for Prevention of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection.
The New England journal of medicine
DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1602615
PubMed: 28121498
01/2017

Associations of tumor necrosis factor-a-308 polymorphism with dengue infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Acta Tropica
Pabalan, N. and Chaisri, S. and Tabunhan, S. and Tarasuk, M. and Jarjanazi, H. and Steiner, T.
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.05.007
2017

RNA-seq analysis of gene expression, viral pathogen, and b-cell/t-cell receptor signatures in complex chronic disease
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Bouquet, J. and Gardy, J.L. and Brown, S. and Pfeil, J. and Miller, R.R. and Morshed, M. and Avina-Zubieta, A. and Shojania, K. and McCabe, M. and Parker, S. and Uyaguari, M. and Federman, S. and Tang, P. and Steiner, T. and Otterstater, M. and Holt, R. and Moore, R. and Chiu, C.Y. and Patrick, D.M.
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw767
2017

2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Diarrhea
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Shane, A.L. and Mody, R.K. and Crump, J.A. and Tarr, P.I. and Steiner, T.S. and Kotloff, K. and Langley, J.M. and Wanke, C. and Warren, C.A. and Cheng, A.C. and Cantey, J. and Pickering, L.K.
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix669
2017

CD4+ T Cells Specific for C. difficile Toxins are a Marker of Patients with Active Relapsing Disease.
Open forum infectious diseases
2017

Infections due to Escherichia coli and Other Enteric Gram-Negative Bacilli
Scientific American Medicine
2016

Metagenomic investigation of plasma in individuals with ME/CFS Highlights the importance of technical controls to elucidate contamination and batch effects
PLoS ONE
Miller, R.R. and Uyaguari-Diaz, M. and McCabe, M.N. and Montoya, V. and Gardy, J.L. and Parker, S. and Steiner, T. and Hsiao, W. and Nesbitt, M.J. and Tang, P. and Patrick, D.M.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165691
2016

Fecal microbiota transplantation for the intestinal decolonization of extensively antimicrobial-resistant opportunistic pathogens: A review
Infectious Diseases
Manges, A.R. and Steiner, T.S. and Wright, A.J.
DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1177199
2016

Antimicrobial Resistance in Enteric Gram-Negative Organisms
Scientific American Medicine
2016

Frozen vs fresh fecal microbiota transplantation and clinical resolution of diarrhea in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile infection a randomized clinical trial
JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association
Lee, C.H. and Steiner, T. and Petrof, E.O. and Smieja, M. and Roscoe, D. and Nematallah, A. and Scott Weese, J. and Collins, S. and Moayyedi, P. and Crowther, M. and Ropeleski, M.J. and Jayaratne, P. and Higgins, D. and Li, Y. and Rau, N.V. and Kim, P.T.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2015.18098
2016

Diagnosis and management of foodborne infectious diseases
Food Microbiology: In Human Health and Disease
2016

New Insights into Shiga Toxigenic Escherichia coli Pathogenesis: When Less is More
Journal of Infectious Diseases
Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv558
2016

Longitudinal clinical findings and outcome among patients with cryptococcus gattii infection in British Columbia
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Phillips, P. and Galanis, E. and Macdougall, L. and Chong, M.Y. and Balshaw, R. and Cook, V.J. and Bowie, W. and Steiner, T. and Hoang, L. and Morshed, M. and Ghesquiere, W. and Forrest, D.M. and Roscoe, D. and Doyle, P. and Kibsey, P.C. and Connolly, T. and Mirzanejad, Y. and Thompson, D. and Saliken, J. and Sanders, B. and Partlow, E. and Vortel, J. and Arikan, Y. and Fyfe, M.
DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ041
2015

Tr1 cells, but not foxp3+ regulatory T cells, suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation via an IL-10-dependent mechanism
Journal of Immunology
Yao, Y. and Vent-Schmidt, J. and McGeough, M.D. and Wong, M. and Hoffman, H.M. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403225
2015

Mediators of Inflammation: Inflammation in Cancer, Chronic Diseases, and Wound Healing
Mediators of Inflammation
Du, C. and Bhatia, M. and Tang, S.C.W. and Zhang, M. and Steiner, T.
DOI: 10.1155/2015/570653
2015

Submaximal exercise testing with near-infrared spectroscopy in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients compared to healthy controls: A case-control study
Journal of Translational Medicine
Miller, R.R. and Reid and Mattman, A. and Yamabayashi, C. and Steiner, T. and Parker, S. and Gardy, J. and Tang, P. and Patrick, D.M.
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0527-8
2015

Evaluation of a Clostridium difficile infection management policy with clinical pharmacy and medical microbiology involvement at a major Canadian teaching hospital
Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
Yeung, S.S.T. and Yeung, J.K. and Lau, T.T.Y. and Forrester, L.A. and Steiner, T.S. and Bowie, W.R. and Bryce, E.A.
DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12329
2015

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration may not be depressed in chronic fatigue syndrome
Fatigue: Biomedicine, Health and Behavior
Patrick, D.M. and Miller, R.R. and Steiner, T. and Gardy, J.L. and Parker, S.M. and Tang, P.
DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2015.1024004
2015

A surprising cause of chronic cough
New England Journal of Medicine
Damaraju, D. and Steiner, T. and Wade, J. and Gin, K. and Fitz Gerald, J.M.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcps1303787
2015

Lyme Disease Diagnosed by Alternative Methods: A Phenotype Similar to That of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Patrick, D.M. and Miller, R.R. and Gardy, J.L. and Parker, S.M. and Morshed, M.G. and Steiner, T.S. and Singer, J. and Shojania, K. and Tang, P. and Mattman, A. and Sirrs, S. and Reid, W.D. and Phillips, P. and Avina-Zubieta, A. and Reynolds, J. and Wong, H. and Bested, A. and Hyams, I. and Ng, B. and Blaney, G. and Spinelli, J. and Isaac-Renton, J. and Hoang, L. and Krajden, M. and McCabe, M.
DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ470
2015

The worst of both worlds: Examining the hypervirulence of the shigatoxigenic/enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4
Journal of Infectious Diseases
Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu400
2014

Meta-analysis in microbiology
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology
Pabalan, N. and Jarjanazi, H. and Steiner, T.
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.136547
2014

A Non-Synonymous Coding Variant (L616F) in the TLR5 Gene Is Potentially Associated with Crohn's Disease and Influences Responses to Bacterial Flagellin
PLoS ONE
Sheridan, J. and Mack, D.R. and Amre, D.K. and Israel, D.M. and Cherkasov, A. and Li, H. and Grimard, G. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061326
2013

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and acute diarrhea in children: A meta-analysis of South Asian populations
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
Pabalan, N. and Singian, E. and Jarjanazi, H. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1779-3
2013

Pulmonary mucormycosis in a patient with Crohn disease on immunosuppressive medications including infliximab.
The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale
DOI: 10.1155/2013/363250
PubMed: 24421803
2013

Treating foodborne illness
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
Steiner, T.
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2013.05.006
2013

Helios+ and Helios- cells coexist within the natural Foxp3+ T regulatory cell subset in humans
Journal of Immunology
Himmel, M.E. and MacDonald, K.G. and Garcia, R.V. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201379
2013

Escherichia Coli Enteric Infections
Goldman's Cecil Medicine: Twenty Fourth Edition
DOI: 10.1016/B978-1-4377-1604-7.00312-2
2012

ATP conditions intestinal epithelial cells to an inflammatory state that promotes components of DC maturation
European Journal of Immunology
Yao, Y. and Levings, M.K. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201142213
2012

Toll-like receptor 5 deficiency protects from wasting disease in a T cell transfer colitis model in T cell receptor-ß-deficient mice
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Hardenberg, G. and Yao, Y. and Piccirillo, C.A. and Levings, M.K. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21738
2012

Regulatory T-cell therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: More questions than answers
Immunology
Himmel, M.E. and Yao, Y. and Orban, P.C. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2012.03572.x
2012

Endoplasmic reticulum stress modulates TLR responses in intestinal epithelial cells
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Theodore Steiner and Jiyoung Hwang and David Shin and Yu Yao
DOI: 10.1097/00054725-201112002-00269
2011

Environmental influences on T regulatory cells in inflammatory bowel disease
Seminars in Immunology
Hardenberg, G. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.012
2011

Human CD4+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells produce CXCL8 and recruit neutrophils
European Journal of Immunology
Himmel, M.E. and Crome, S.Q. and Ivison, S. and Piccirillo, C. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040459
2011

The Stress signal extracellular ATP modulates antiflagellin immune responses in intestinal epithelial cells
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Ivison, S.M. and Himmel, M.E. and Mayer, M. and Yao, Y. and Kifayet, A. and Levings, M.K. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21428
2011

Autoactivation of the AggR regulator of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in vitro andin vivo
FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology
Nicholas Morin and Chelsea Tirling and Sabine M. Ivison and Ajinder Pal Kaur and James P. Nataro and Theodore S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00645.x
01/2010

Autoactivation of the AggR regulator of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in vitro and in vivo
FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
Morin, N. and Tirling, C. and Ivison, S.M. and Kaur, A.P. and Nataro, J.P. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2009.00645.x
2010

Protein kinase D1 and D2 are involved in chemokine release induced by toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 5
Cellular Immunology
Steiner, T.S. and Ivison, S.M. and Yao, Y. and Kifayet, A.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.05.012
2010

Principles and Syndromes of Enteric Infection
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-443-06839-3.00093-x
2010

TLR5 is not required for flagellin-mediated exacerbation of DSS colitis
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Ivison, S.M. and Himmel, M.E. and Hardenberg, G. and Wark, P.A.J. and Kifayet, A. and Levings, M.K. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21097
2010

Oxidative stress enhances IL-8 and inhibits CCL20 production from intestinal epithelial cells in response to bacterial flagellin
American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Ivison, S.M. and Wang, C. and Himmel, M.E. and Sheridan, J. and Delano, J. and Mayer, M.L. and Yao, Y. and Kifayet, A. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00089.2010
2010

The single IgG IL-1-related receptor controls TLR responses in differentiated human intestinal epithelial cells
Journal of Immunology
Khan, M.A. and Steiner, T.S. and Sham, H.P. and Bergstrom, K.S. and Huang, J.T. and Assi, K. and Salh, B. and Tai, I.T. and Li, X. and Vallance, B.A.
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900021
2010

The p110a and p110ß isoforms of class i phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase are involved in toll-like receptor 5 signaling in epithelial cells
Mediators of Inflammation
Ivison, S.M. and Khan, M.A.S. and Graham, N.R. and Shobab, L.A. and Yao, Y. and Kifayet, A. and Sly, L.M. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1155/2010/652098
2010

Spread of Cryptococcus gattii into Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
Emerging infectious diseases
DOI: 10.3201/eid1508.081384
PubMed: 19757550
08/2009

S1654 Intrarectal ATP Increases the Severity of DSS Colitis and Augments Anti-Flagellin Antibody Production
Gastroenterology
Sabine M. Ivison and Matthew Mayer and Theodore S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(09)61100-8
05/2009

T1711 ATP Augments Intestinal Epithelial Inflammatory Responses to Flagellin
Gastroenterology
Sabine M. Ivison and Megan HImmel and Jonathan Delano and Nancy Y. Yao and Theodore S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(09)62592-0
05/2009

Dexamethasone in cryptococcus gattii central nervous system infection
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Phillips, P. and Chapman, K. and Sharp, M. and Harrison, P. and Vortel, J. and Steiner, T. and Bowie, W.
DOI: 10.1086/603554
2009

Flagellin-dependent and -independent inflammatory responses following infection by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium
Infection and Immunity
Khan, M.A. and Bouzari, S. and Ma, C. and Rosenberger, C.M. and Bergstrom, K.S.B. and Gibson, D.L. and Steiner, T.S. and Vallance, B.A.
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01141-07
2008

Anti-flagellin antibodies in irritable bowel syndrome: Another attack on our commensals?
Neurogastroenterology and Motility
Ivison, S.M. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2008.01199.x
2008

The role of T-regulatory cells and Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease
Immunology
Himmel, M.E. and Hardenberg, G. and Piccirillo, C.A. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.02939.x
2008

A phosphorylation site in the Toll-like receptor 5 TIR domain is required for inflammatory signalling in response to flagellin
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
Ivison, S.M. and Khan, M.A.S. and Graham, N.R. and Bernales, C.Q. and Kaleem, A. and Tirling, C.O. and Cherkasov, A. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.11.132
2007

Activation-induced FOXP3 in human T effector cells does not suppress proliferation or cytokine production
International Immunology
Allan, S.E. and Crome, S.Q. and Crellin, N.K. and Passerini, L. and Steiner, T.S. and Bacchetta, R. and Roncarolo, M.G. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm014
2007

Protein kinase D interaction with TLR5 is required for inflammatory signaling in response to bacterial flagellin
Journal of Immunology
Ivison, S.M. and Graham, N.R. and Bernales, C.Q. and Kifayet, A. and Ng, N. and Shobab, L.A. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5735
2007

How flagellin and toll-like receptor 5 contribute to enteric infection
Infection and Immunity
Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1128/IAI.01506-06
2007

Enteric Escherichia coli Infections
Tropical Infectious Diseases
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-06668-9.50021-1
2006

Infectious diarrhea: New pathogens and new challenges in developed and developing areas
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Steiner, T.S. and Samie, A. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1086/505874
2006

Human CD4+ T cells express TLR5 and its ligand flagellin enhances the suppressive capacity and expression of FOXP3 in CD4 +CD25+ T regulatory cells
Journal of Immunology
Crellin, N.K. and Garcia, R.V. and Hadisfar, O. and Allan, S.E. and Steiner, T.S. and Levings, M.K.
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8051
2005

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli flagellin-induced interleukin-8 secretion requires Toll-like receptor 5-dependent p38 MAP kinase activation
Immunology
Khan, M.A.S. and Kang, J. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2004.01923.x
2004

Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and lactoferrin in immunocompetent hosts with experimental and Brazilian children with acquired cryptosporidiosis.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
PubMed: 12685639
03/2003

Interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-a, and lactoferrin in immunocompetent hosts with experimental and Brazilian children with acquired cryptosporidiosis
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Alcantara, C.S. and Yang, C.-H. and Steiner, T.S. and Barrett, L.J. and Lima, A.A.M. and Chappell, C.L. and Okhuysen, P.C. and White Jr., A.C. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.325
2003

Mechanisms of emerging diarrheagenic Escherichia coli infection
Current Infectious Disease Reports
Mohammed A. Khan and Ted S. Steiner
DOI: 10.1007/s11908-002-0050-y
03/2002

Enteroaggregative and Diffusely Adherent Escherichia Coli
Escherichia Coli
James P. Nataro and Theodore Steiner
DOI: 10.1016/b978-012220751-8/50007-0
2002

Two nonadjacent regions in enteroaggregative Escherichia coli flagellin are required for activation of toll-like receptor 5
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Donnelly, M.A. and Steiner, T.S.
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M206851200
2002

Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Guerrant, R.L. and Van Gilder, T. and Slutsker, L. and Tauxe, R.V. and Hennessy, T. and Griffin, P.M. and Pickering, L.K. and Steiner, T.S. and Thielman, N.M. and DuPont, H. and Bradley Sack, R. and Tarr, P. and Neill, M. and Nachamkin, I. and Reller, L.B. and Osterholm, M.T. and Bennish, M.L.
DOI: 10.1086/318514
2001

Role of inducible cyclooxygenase and prostaglandins in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced secretion and inflammation in an animal model
Journal of Infectious Diseases
Alcantara, C. and Stenson, W.F. and Steiner, T.S. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1086/322799
2001

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli expresses a novel flagellin that causes IL-8 release from intestinal epithelial cells
Journal of Clinical Investigation
Steiner, T.S. and Nataro, J.P. and Poteet-Smith, C.E. and Smith, J.A. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1172/JCI8892
2000

Failure of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis.
The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene
PubMed: 10344661
05/1999

Failure of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in the treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
Dietze, R. and Fowler Jr., V.G. and Steiner, T.S. and Pecanha, P.M. and Corey, G.R.
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.837
1999

How intestinal bacteria cause disease
Journal of Infectious Diseases
DOI: 10.1086/513845
1999

Intestinal secretory factor released by macrophages stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A: role of interleukin 1beta.
Infection and immunity
PubMed: 9746596
10/1998

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli produce intestinal inflammation and growth impairment and cause interleukin-8 release from intestinal epithelial cells
Journal of Infectious Diseases
Steiner, T.S. and Lima, A.A.M. and Nataro, J.P. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1086/513809
1998

Intestinal secretory factor released by macrophages stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A: Role of interleukin 1ß
Infection and Immunity
Rocha, M.F.G. and Soares, A.M. and Flores, C.A. and Steiner, T.S. and Lyerly, D.M. and Guerrant, R.L. and Ribeiro, R.A. and Lima, A.A.M.
DOI: 10.1128/iai.66.10.4910-4916.1998
1998

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Nataro, J.P. and Steiner, T. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.3201/eid0402.980212
1998

Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis.
Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology
PubMed: 9384296
11/1997

Protozoal agents: What are the dangers for the public water supply?
Annual Review of Medicine
Steiner, T.S. and Thielman, N.M. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.48.1.329
1997

Fecal lactoferrin, interleukin-1ß, and interleukin-8 are elevated in patients with severe Clostridium difficile colitis
Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology
Steiner, T.S. and Flores, C.A. and Pizarro, T.T. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.6.719-722.1997
1997

Identification of a protein from enteroaggregative Escherichia coli which releases interteukin 8 from caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells
Clinical Infectious Diseases
Steiner, T.S. and Nataro, J.P. and Guerrant, R.L.
1997

New evidence for an inflammatory component in diarrhea caused by selected new, live attenuated cholera vaccines and by El Tor and Q139 Vibrio cholerae.
Infection and immunity
PubMed: 8675353
06/1996

The pathogenesis of and host response to Cryptosporidium parvum
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
Steiner, T.S. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1097/00001432-199606000-00005
1996

Diarrhea, demography and cell signaling: lessons from microbial toxins.
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
Guerrant, R.L. and Lima, A.A. and Thielman, N.M. and Steiner, T.S. and Fonteles, M.C.
1996

New evidence for an inflammatory component in diarrhea caused by selected new, live attenuated cholera vaccines and by El Tor and O139 Vibrio cholerae
Infection and Immunity
Silva, T.M.J. and Schleupner, M.A. and Tacket, C.O. and Steiner, T.S. and Kaper, J.B. and Edelman, R. and Guerrant, R.L.
DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.2362-2364.1996
1996

Secretin receptors mediating rat forestomach relaxation.
The American journal of physiology
PubMed: 8498512
05/1993

Secretin receptors mediating rat forestomach relaxation
American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
Steiner, T.S. and Mangel, A.W. and McVey, D.C. and Vigna, S.R.
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1993.264.5.g863
1993

Research

Current Projects
My current research program targets two very important intestinal diseases: C. difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. C. difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired infections in Canada, and can lead to debilitating or even fatal diarrhea. I am exploring the role of the immune system in protecting against C. difficile by studying specific types of immune responses in people with their first episode of infection and comparing them to people with recurrent infections. I also have several clinical projects examining the benefit of fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), also known as "stool transplant", to control these recurrent infections.

My second main project is to develop a new treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) based on the realization that people with these diseases develop abnormal immune responses to normal gut bacteria. It is believed that these responses "trick" the gut into thinking there is a bad infection, so it mobilizes its "army" of white blood cells into the gut, leading to unwanted inflammation that damages the gut. We are working to take advantage of these abnormal responses by making "super-suppressor" cells that reduce inflammation when they sense a major bacterial protein, flagellin, which is present in large amounts in the gut. We are also examining the types of immune responses that people with IBD make against flagellin to better understand how they cause damage.

Grants

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Project Grant 2017-2021

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Operating Grant 2017-2019

Crohn's & Colitis Foundation of Canada (CCFC) Grants in Aid of Research 2016-2019

Research Group Members

Nada Al-Emadi, Research Trainee
Hannah Baer
Mehrshad Esmaeilzadeh, Research Assistant
Jennifer Jiang, Research Assistant
Mariane Laderas, Research Assistant
Sarah Lim, Research Assistant
Insha Majeed, Work Learn Student
Chad Poloni, PhD Student
Shruti Sandilya, Graduate Research Assistant
Andrew Sze
Tanya Vasyukhnik, Research Manager
Stacy Wang
Stacy Wang, Volunteer